在微服务架构中,业务都会被拆分成一个独立的服务,服务与服务的通讯是基于http restful的。Spring cloud有两种服务调用方式,一种是ribbon+restTemplate,另一种是feign。
首先讲解一下ribbon+restTemplate:
这一篇文章基于上一篇文章的工程,启动eureka-server 工程;启动service-hi工程,它的端口为8888;将service-provider的配置文件的端口改为8887,并启动,这时你会发现:service-hi在eureka-server注册了2个实例,这就相当于一个小的集群。
三、建一个服务消费者
重新新建一个spring-boot工程,取名为:service-ribbon;
在它的pom.xml继承了父pom文件,并引入了以下依赖:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.bj</groupId>
<artifactId>springcloud</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>service-ribbon</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>service-ribbon</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
在工程的配置文件指定服务的注册中心地址为http://localhost:8889/eureka/,程序名称为 service-ribbon,程序端口为8881。配置文件application.yml如下:
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8889/eureka/
server:
port: 8881
spring:
application:
name: service-ribbon
写一个测试类HelloService,通过之前注入ioc容器的restTemplate来消费service-hi服务的“/hi”接口,在这里我们直接用的程序名替代了具体的url地址,在ribbon中它会根据服务名来选择具体的服务实例,根据服务实例在请求的时候会用具体的url替换掉服务名,代码如下:
@Service
public class HelloService {
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
public String hiService(String name) {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://SERVICE-HI/hi?name="+name,String.class);
}
}
写一个controller,在controller中用调用HelloService 的方法,代码如下:
@RestController
public class HelloControler {
@Autowired
HelloService helloService;
@GetMapping(value = "/hi")
public String hi(@RequestParam String name) {
return helloService.hiService( name );
}
}
在工程的启动类中,通过@EnableDiscoveryClient向服务中心注册;并且向程序的ioc注入一个bean: restTemplate;并通过@LoadBalanced注解表明这个restRemplate开启负载均衡的功能。
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class ServiceRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run( ServiceRibbonApplication.class, args );
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
在浏览器上多次访问http://localhost:8881/hi?name=forezp,浏览器交替显示:
hi forezp ,i am from port:8887
hi forezp ,i am from port:8888
第二种方案:feign(较常用)
一、Feign简介
Feign是一个声明式的伪Http客户端,它使得写Http客户端变得更简单。使用Feign,只需要创建一个接口并注解。它具有可插拔的注解特性,可使用Feign 注解和JAX-RS注解。Feign支持可插拔的编码器和解码器。Feign默认集成了Ribbon,并和Eureka结合,默认实现了负载均衡的效果。
简而言之:
Feign 采用的是基于接口的注解
Feign 整合了ribbon
二、准备工作
继续用上一节的工程, 启动eureka-server,端口为8889; 启动service-hi 两次,端口分别为8888、8887.
三、创建一个feign的服务
新建一个spring-boot工程,取名为serice-feign,在它的pom文件引入Feign的起步依赖spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client
、spring-cloud-starter-feign、Web的起步依赖spring-boot-starter-web,代码如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.bj</groupId>
<artifactId>service-feign</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>service-feign</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>com.bj</groupId>
<artifactId>springcloud</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
在工程的配置文件application.yml文件,指定程序名为service-feign,端口号为8882,服务注册地址为http://localhost:8889/eureka/ ,代码如下:
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8889/eureka/
server:
port: 8882
spring:
application:
name: service-feign
在程序的启动类ServiceFeignApplication ,加上@EnableFeignClients注解开启Feign的功能:
package com.example.sericefeign;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class ServiceFeignApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run( ServiceFeignApplication.class, args );
}
}
定义一个feign接口,通过@ FeignClient(“服务名”),来指定调用哪个服务。比如在代码中调用了service-hi服务的“/hi”接口,代码如下:
package com.example.sericefeign.service;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
/**
* Created by on 2019/8/8.
*/
@FeignClient(value = "service-hi")
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi",method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
在Web层的controller层,对外暴露一个"/hi"的API接口,通过上面定义的Feign客户端SchedualServiceHi 来消费服务。代码如下:
package com.example.sericefeign.controller;
//编译器报错,无视。 因为这个Bean是在程序启动的时候注入的,编译器感知不到,所以报错。
import com.example.sericefeign.service.SchedualServiceHi;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
@RestController
public class HiController {
@Autowired
SchedualServiceHi schedualServiceHi;
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi",method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String sayHi(@RequestParam String name) {
return schedualServiceHi.sayHiFromClientOne( name );
}
}
启动程序,多次访问http://localhost:8882/hi?name=forezp,浏览器交替显示:
hi forezp,i am from port:8888
hi forezp,i am from port:8887