Fio随机读IOPS测试值可能偏大的原因分析

最新推荐文章于 2021-12-12 18:02:12 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-12-12 18:02:12 发布

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文章标签： java jvm 前端服务器 linux

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/superyongzhe/article/details/126439007

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问题描述：

在使用 fio 进行虚拟机磁盘（ Ceph 的 RBD ，格式化为 ext4 文件系统）的 IOPS 测试时，发现 randread 比预估值高许多；
在使用相同参数进行 randwrite 测试之后，再进行 randread 时会出现此现象；
而使用 dd 构建测试文件后，再进行 randread 就不会出现这种情况， IOPS 数值正常。

初步推测，可能 fio 的随机是伪随机，导致前后的 randwrite 和 randread 使用了相同的伪随机序列。文件系统在进行物理块分配时从前往后分配，在逻辑上随机的块实际上是顺序写入物理磁盘，最终的随机读实际上是顺序读，导致 IO 被磁盘调度器合并，实际 IO 次数变少，所以测试的 IOPS 偏大，为此进行详细分析测试。

打印Debug日志

打开 fio 的 debug 模式，执行测试，输出日志：

$ fio -direct=1 -iodepth=128 -rw=randwrite -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=10 -group_reporting -filename=iotest -name=Rand_Write_Testing --debug=random > rand_write_offset.log

$ fio -direct=1 -iodepth=128 -rw=randread -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=10 -group_reporting -filename=iotest -name=Rand_Read_Testingg --debug=random > rand_read_offset.log

查看日志：

$ head -n30 rand_write_offset.log 
fio: set debug option random
Rand_Write_Testing: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=128
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
random   4057532 off rand 259043585
random   4057532 off rand 3179521932
random   4057532 off rand 3621444214
random   4057532 off rand 2018697059
random   4057532 off rand 1726199243
random   4057532 off rand 3608323581
random   4057532 off rand 1634212905
random   4057532 off rand 1518359867
random   4057532 off rand 3921331707
random   4057532 off rand 287004724
random   4057532 off rand 3673173177
random   4057532 off rand 2796675757
random   4057532 off rand 3988051731
random   4057532 off rand 1060357494
random   4057532 off rand 1685717462
random   4057532 off rand 2400737531
random   4057532 off rand 1891936796
random   4057532 off rand 3455447349
random   4057532 off rand 1553547805
random   4057532 off rand 2660809810
random   4057532 off rand 17263379
random   4057532 off rand 1823528783
random   4057532 off rand 1355450167
random   4057532 off rand 2956359995
random   4057532 off rand 3392712188
random   4057532 off rand 4240594610

$ $ head -n30 rand_read_offset.log 
fio: set debug option random
Rand_Read_Testingg: (g=0): rw=randread, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=128
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
random   4057831 off rand 259043585
random   4057831 off rand 3179521932
random   4057831 off rand 3621444214
random   4057831 off rand 2018697059
random   4057831 off rand 1726199243
random   4057831 off rand 3608323581
random   4057831 off rand 1634212905
random   4057831 off rand 1518359867
random   4057831 off rand 3921331707
random   4057831 off rand 287004724
random   4057831 off rand 3673173177
random   4057831 off rand 2796675757
random   4057831 off rand 3988051731
random   4057831 off rand 1060357494
random   4057831 off rand 1685717462
random   4057831 off rand 2400737531
random   4057831 off rand 1891936796
random   4057831 off rand 3455447349
random   4057831 off rand 1553547805
random   4057831 off rand 2660809810
random   4057831 off rand 17263379
random   4057831 off rand 1823528783
random   4057831 off rand 1355450167
random   4057831 off rand 2956359995
random   4057831 off rand 3392712188
random   4057831 off rand 4240594610

日志对比，发现右侧的随机偏移都是一样的：

获取Fio源码

分析的源码来源和版本如下：

$ git clone https://github.com/axboe/fio.git
$ cd fio
$ git branch -av
* master                       ee636f3 libaio: switch to newer libaio polled IO API
  remotes/origin/HEAD          -> origin/master
  remotes/origin/latency-probe fcd4e74 target: fixes
  remotes/origin/master        ee636f3 libaio: switch to newer libaio polled IO API

分析debug选项

查找 debug 选项的定义和引用位置：

$ grep -rHn \"debug\"
init.c:176:		.name		= (char *) "debug",

查找 random 参数的定义和引用位置，可以看到 random 参数使用 FD_RANDOM 宏或者枚举值进行定义：

$ grep -rHn \"random\" -A5 init.c 
init.c:2260:	{ .name = "random",
init.c-2261-	  .help = "Random generation logging",
init.c-2262-	  .shift = FD_RANDOM,
init.c-2263-	},
init.c-2264-	{ .name = "parse",
init.c-2265-	  .help = "Parser logging",

查找 FD_RANDOM 这个宏开关的定义和引用位置，可以发现定义在 debug.h 中，在 io_u.c 中被引用，是用来开关 debug 打印的，其中第 98 行的和之前的 Debug 日志格式相同：

$ grep -rHn FD_RANDOM
debug.h:13:	FD_RANDOM,
init.c:2262:	  .shift = FD_RANDOM,
io_u.c:98:		dprint(FD_RANDOM, "off rand %llu\n", (unsigned long long) r);
io_u.c:124:	dprint(FD_RANDOM, "get_next_rand_offset: offset %llu busy\n",

查看 FD_RANDOM 引用处附近的额源码，第 96 行处就是生成随机数的地方，第 98 行对生成的随机数进行打印：

$ grep -rHn FD_RANDOM io_u.c -C12
io_u.c-86-
io_u.c-87-static int __get_next_rand_offset(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
io_u.c-88-				  enum fio_ddir ddir, uint64_t *b,
io_u.c-89-				  uint64_t lastb)
io_u.c-90-{
io_u.c-91-	uint64_t r;
io_u.c-92-
io_u.c-93-	if (td->o.random_generator == FIO_RAND_GEN_TAUSWORTHE ||
io_u.c-94-	    td->o.random_generator == FIO_RAND_GEN_TAUSWORTHE64) {
io_u.c-95-
io_u.c-96-		r = __rand(&td->random_state);
io_u.c-97-
io_u.c:98:		dprint(FD_RANDOM, "off rand %llu\n", (unsigned long long) r);
io_u.c-99-
io_u.c-100-		*b = lastb * (r / (rand_max(&td->random_state) + 1.0));
io_u.c-101-	} else {
io_u.c-102-		uint64_t off = 0;
io_u.c-103-
io_u.c-104-		assert(fio_file_lfsr(f));
io_u.c-105-
io_u.c-106-		if (lfsr_next(&f->lfsr, &off))
io_u.c-107-			return 1;
io_u.c-108-
io_u.c-109-		*b = off;
io_u.c-110-	}
--
io_u.c-112-	/*
io_u.c-113-	 * if we are not maintaining a random map, we are done.
io_u.c-114-	 */
io_u.c-115-	if (!file_randommap(td, f))
io_u.c-116-		goto ret;
io_u.c-117-
io_u.c-118-	/*
io_u.c-119-	 * calculate map offset and check if it's free
io_u.c-120-	 */
io_u.c-121-	if (random_map_free(f, *b))
io_u.c-122-		goto ret;
io_u.c-123-
io_u.c:124:	dprint(FD_RANDOM, "get_next_rand_offset: offset %llu busy\n",
io_u.c-125-						(unsigned long long) *b);
io_u.c-126-
io_u.c-127-	*b = axmap_next_free(f->io_axmap, *b);
io_u.c-128-	if (*b == (uint64_t) -1ULL)
io_u.c-129-		return 1;
io_u.c-130-ret:
io_u.c-131-	return 0;
io_u.c-132-}
io_u.c-133-
io_u.c-134-static int __get_next_rand_offset_zipf(struct thread_data *td,
io_u.c-135-				       struct fio_file *f, enum fio_ddir ddir,
io_u.c-136-				       uint64_t *b)

分析dprint函数

查找 dprint 函数或者宏的定义及引用处，定义在 debug.h 中：

$ grep -rHn " dprint"
debug.h:62:#define dprint(type, str, args...)			\
debug.h:71:static inline void dprint(int type, const char *str, ...)
gettime.c:320:                dprint(FD_TIME, "tmp=%llu, sft=%u\n", tmp, sft);
io_u.h:153:static inline void dprint_io_u(struct io_u *io_u, const char *p)
io_u.h:170:#define dprint_io_u(io_u, p)
t/time-test.c:88:#define dprintf(...) if (DEBUG) { printf(__VA_ARGS__); }

查看 debug.h 中的 dprint 定义内容：

$ grep -rHn " dprint" -C7 debug.h
debug.h-55-};
debug.h-56-extern const struct debug_level debug_levels[];
debug.h-57-
debug.h-58-extern unsigned long fio_debug;
debug.h-59-
debug.h-60-void __dprint(int type, const char *str, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
debug.h-61-
debug.h:62:#define dprint(type, str, args...)			\
debug.h-63-	do {						\
debug.h-64-		if (((1 << type) & fio_debug) == 0)	\
debug.h-65-			break;				\
debug.h-66-		__dprint((type), (str), ##args);	\
debug.h-67-	} while (0)					\
debug.h-68-
debug.h-69-#else
debug.h-70-
debug.h:71:static inline void dprint(int type, const char *str, ...)
debug.h-72-{
debug.h-73-}
debug.h-74-#endif
debug.h-75-
debug.h-76-#endif

查看 __dprint 函数，使用 log_prevalist 进行最终的字符串打印：

$ grep -rHn " __dprint" -C10
debug.c-1-#include <assert.h>
debug.c-2-#include <stdarg.h>
debug.c-3-
debug.c-4-#include "debug.h"
debug.c-5-#include "log.h"
debug.c-6-
debug.c-7-#ifdef FIO_INC_DEBUG
debug.c:8:void __dprint(int type, const char *str, ...)
debug.c-9-{
debug.c-10-	va_list args;
debug.c-11-
debug.c-12-	assert(type < FD_DEBUG_MAX);
debug.c-13-
debug.c-14-	va_start(args, str);
debug.c-15-	log_prevalist(type, str, args);
debug.c-16-	va_end(args);
debug.c-17-}
debug.c-18-#endif
--
debug.h-50-struct debug_level {
debug.h-51-	const char *name;
debug.h-52-	const char *help;
debug.h-53-	unsigned long shift;
debug.h-54-	unsigned int jobno;
debug.h-55-};
debug.h-56-extern const struct debug_level debug_levels[];
debug.h-57-
debug.h-58-extern unsigned long fio_debug;
debug.h-59-
debug.h:60:void __dprint(int type, const char *str, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
debug.h-61-
debug.h-62-#define dprint(type, str, args...)			\
debug.h-63-	do {						\
debug.h-64-		if (((1 << type) & fio_debug) == 0)	\
debug.h-65-			break;				\
debug.h-66-		__dprint((type), (str), ##args);	\
debug.h-67-	} while (0)					\
debug.h-68-
debug.h-69-#else
debug.h-70-
--
t/debug.c-1-#include <stdio.h>
t/debug.c-2-
t/debug.c-3-FILE *f_err;
t/debug.c-4-struct timespec *fio_ts = NULL;
t/debug.c-5-unsigned long fio_debug = 0;
t/debug.c-6-
t/debug.c:7:void __dprint(int type, const char *str, ...)
t/debug.c-8-{
t/debug.c-9-}
t/debug.c-10-
t/debug.c-11-void debug_init(void)
t/debug.c-12-{
t/debug.c-13-	f_err = stderr;
t/debug.c-14-}

查看 log.c 中的 log_prevalist 函数定义，首先打印了当前进程 PID ，然后是类型字符串，最后才是格式化字符串：

/* add prefix for the specified type in front of the valist */
void log_prevalist(int type, const char *fmt, va_list args)
{
	char *buf1, *buf2;
	int len;
	pid_t pid;

	pid = gettid();
	if (fio_debug_jobp && *fio_debug_jobp != -1U
	    && pid != *fio_debug_jobp)
		return;

	len = vasprintf(&buf1, fmt, args);
	if (len < 0)
		return;
	len = asprintf(&buf2, "%-8s %-5u %s", debug_levels[type].name,
		       (int) pid, buf1);
	free(buf1);
	if (len < 0)
		return;
	len = log_info_buf(buf2, len);
	free(buf2);
}

查找 debug_levels 字符串数组的定义处：

$ grep -rHn debug_levels
debug.h:56:extern const struct debug_level debug_levels[];
gfio.c:1187:		buttons[i] = gtk_check_button_new_with_label(debug_levels[i].name);
gfio.c:1188:		gtk_widget_set_tooltip_text(buttons[i], debug_levels[i].help);
init.c:2144:	const struct debug_level *dl = &debug_levels[0];
init.c:2235:const struct debug_level debug_levels[] = {
init.c:2327:		for (i = 0; debug_levels[i].name; i++) {
init.c:2328:			dl = &debug_levels[i];
init.c:2344:		for (i = 0; debug_levels[i].name; i++) {
init.c:2345:			dl = &debug_levels[i];
log.c:59:	len = asprintf(&buf2, "%-8s %-5u %s", debug_levels[type].name,

在 init.c 可以看到最终的定义：

#ifdef FIO_INC_DEBUG
const struct debug_level debug_levels[] = {
	{ .name = "process",
	  .help = "Process creation/exit logging",
	  .shift = FD_PROCESS,
	},
	{ .name = "file",
	  .help = "File related action logging",
	  .shift = FD_FILE,
	},
	{ .name = "io",
	  .help = "IO and IO engine action logging (offsets, queue, completions, etc)",
	  .shift = FD_IO,
	},
	{ .name = "mem",
	  .help = "Memory allocation/freeing logging",
	  .shift = FD_MEM,
	},
	{ .name = "blktrace",
	  .help = "blktrace action logging",
	  .shift = FD_BLKTRACE,
	},
	{ .name = "verify",
	  .help = "IO verification action logging",
	  .shift = FD_VERIFY,
	},
	{ .name = "random",
	  .help = "Random generation logging",
	  .shift = FD_RANDOM,
	},
	{ .name = "parse",
	  .help = "Parser logging",
	  .shift = FD_PARSE,
	},
	{ .name = "diskutil",
	  .help = "Disk utility logging actions",
	  .shift = FD_DISKUTIL,
	},
	{ .name = "job",
	  .help = "Logging related to creating/destroying jobs",
	  .shift = FD_JOB,
	},
	{ .name = "mutex",
	  .help = "Mutex logging",
	  .shift = FD_MUTEX
	},
	{ .name	= "profile",
	  .help = "Logging related to profiles",
	  .shift = FD_PROFILE,
	},
	{ .name = "time",
	  .help = "Logging related to time keeping functions",
	  .shift = FD_TIME,
	},
	{ .name = "net",
	  .help = "Network logging",
	  .shift = FD_NET,
	},
	{ .name = "rate",
	  .help = "Rate logging",
	  .shift = FD_RATE,
	},
	{ .name = "compress",
	  .help = "Log compression logging",
	  .shift = FD_COMPRESS,
	},
	{ .name = "steadystate",
	  .help = "Steady state detection logging",
	  .shift = FD_STEADYSTATE,
	},
	{ .name = "helperthread",
	  .help = "Helper thread logging",
	  .shift = FD_HELPERTHREAD,
	},
	{ .name = "zbd",
	  .help = "Zoned Block Device logging",
	  .shift = FD_ZBD,
	},
	{ .name = NULL, },
};

static int set_debug(const char *string)
{
	const struct debug_level *dl;
	char *p = (char *) string;
	char *opt;
	int i;

	if (!string)
		return 0;

	if (!strcmp(string, "?") || !strcmp(string, "help")) {
		log_info("fio: dumping debug options:");
		for (i = 0; debug_levels[i].name; i++) {
			dl = &debug_levels[i];
			log_info("%s,", dl->name);
		}
		log_info("all\n");
		return 1;
	}

	while ((opt = strsep(&p, ",")) != NULL) {
		int found = 0;

		if (!strncmp(opt, "all", 3)) {
			log_info("fio: set all debug options\n");
			fio_debug = ~0UL;
			continue;
		}

		for (i = 0; debug_levels[i].name; i++) {
			dl = &debug_levels[i];
			found = !strncmp(opt, dl->name, strlen(dl->name));
			if (!found)
				continue;

			if (dl->shift == FD_JOB) {
				opt = strchr(opt, ':');
				if (!opt) {
					log_err("fio: missing job number\n");
					break;
				}
				opt++;
				fio_debug_jobno = atoi(opt);
				log_info("fio: set debug jobno %d\n",
							fio_debug_jobno);
			} else {
				log_info("fio: set debug option %s\n", opt);
				fio_debug |= (1UL << dl->shift);
			}
			break;
		}

		if (!found)
			log_err("fio: debug mask %s not found\n", opt);
	}
	return 0;
}
#else
static int set_debug(const char *string)
{
	log_err("fio: debug tracing not included in build\n");
	return 1;
}
#endif

分析randwrite选项

查找 randwrite 参数的定义和引用处，使用 TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE 作为参数值：

$ grep -rHn \"randwrite\" -C5
io_ddir.h-62-}
io_ddir.h-63-
io_ddir.h-64-static inline const char *ddir_str(enum td_ddir ddir)
io_ddir.h-65-{
io_ddir.h-66-	static const char *__str[] = { NULL, "read", "write", "rw", "rand",
io_ddir.h:67:				"randread", "randwrite", "randrw",
io_ddir.h-68-				"trim", NULL, "trimwrite", NULL, "randtrim" };
io_ddir.h-69-
io_ddir.h-70-	return __str[ddir];
io_ddir.h-71-}
io_ddir.h-72-
--
options.c-1690-			  },
options.c-1691-			  { .ival = "randread",
options.c-1692-			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDREAD,
options.c-1693-			    .help = "Random read",
options.c-1694-			  },
options.c:1695:			  { .ival = "randwrite",
options.c-1696-			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE,
options.c-1697-			    .help = "Random write",
options.c-1698-			  },
options.c-1699-			  { .ival = "randtrim",
options.c-1700-			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDTRIM,
--
profiles/act.c-182-
profiles/act.c-183-	if (act_add_opt("name=act-%s-%s", reads ? "read" : "write", dev))
profiles/act.c-184-		return 1;
profiles/act.c-185-	if (act_add_opt("filename=%s", dev))
profiles/act.c-186-		return 1;
profiles/act.c:187:	if (act_add_opt("rw=%s", reads ? "randread" : "randwrite"))
profiles/act.c-188-		return 1;
profiles/act.c-189-	if (reads) {
profiles/act.c-190-		int rload = ao->load * R_LOAD / ao->threads_per_queue;
profiles/act.c-191-
profiles/act.c-192-		if (act_add_opt("numjobs=%u", ao->threads_per_queue))
--
t/sgunmap-test.py-116-
t/sgunmap-test.py-117-
t/sgunmap-test.py-118-def runalltests(args, qd, batch):
t/sgunmap-test.py-119-    block = False
t/sgunmap-test.py-120-    for dev in [args.chardev, args.blockdev]:
t/sgunmap-test.py:121:        for rw in ["randread", "randwrite", "randtrim"]:
t/sgunmap-test.py-122-            parameters = ["--name=test",
t/sgunmap-test.py-123-                           "--time_based",
t/sgunmap-test.py-124-                           "--runtime=30s",
t/sgunmap-test.py-125-                           "--output-format=json",
t/sgunmap-test.py-126-                           "--ioengine=sg",

查找 TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE 的定义，是由 TD_DDIR_WRITE 和 TD_DDIR_RAND 组成，我们应该关注 TD_DDIR_RAND 这个参数对程序执行的影响：

$ grep -rHn TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE
io_ddir.h:38:	TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE	= TD_DDIR_WRITE | TD_DDIR_RAND,
options.c:1696:			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE,

查找 TD_DDIR_RAND 的定义和引用处，主要是被 td_random 宏引用，应该是作为标志位判断使用：

$ grep -rHn TD_DDIR_RAND -C3
io_ddir.h-31-enum td_ddir {
io_ddir.h-32-	TD_DDIR_READ		= 1 << 0,
io_ddir.h-33-	TD_DDIR_WRITE		= 1 << 1,
io_ddir.h:34:	TD_DDIR_RAND		= 1 << 2,
io_ddir.h-35-	TD_DDIR_TRIM		= 1 << 3,
io_ddir.h-36-	TD_DDIR_RW		= TD_DDIR_READ | TD_DDIR_WRITE,
io_ddir.h:37:	TD_DDIR_RANDREAD	= TD_DDIR_READ | TD_DDIR_RAND,
io_ddir.h:38:	TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE	= TD_DDIR_WRITE | TD_DDIR_RAND,
io_ddir.h:39:	TD_DDIR_RANDRW		= TD_DDIR_RW | TD_DDIR_RAND,
io_ddir.h:40:	TD_DDIR_RANDTRIM	= TD_DDIR_TRIM | TD_DDIR_RAND,
io_ddir.h-41-	TD_DDIR_TRIMWRITE	= TD_DDIR_TRIM | TD_DDIR_WRITE,
io_ddir.h-42-};
io_ddir.h-43-
--
io_ddir.h-45-#define td_write(td)		((td)->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_WRITE)
io_ddir.h-46-#define td_trim(td)		((td)->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_TRIM)
io_ddir.h-47-#define td_rw(td)		(((td)->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_RW) == TD_DDIR_RW)
io_ddir.h:48:#define td_random(td)		((td)->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_RAND)
io_ddir.h-49-#define file_randommap(td, f)	(!(td)->o.norandommap && fio_file_axmap((f)))
io_ddir.h-50-#define td_trimwrite(td)	(((td)->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_TRIMWRITE) \
io_ddir.h-51-					== TD_DDIR_TRIMWRITE)
--
options.c-1689-			    .help = "Sequential trim",
options.c-1690-			  },
options.c-1691-			  { .ival = "randread",
options.c:1692:			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDREAD,
options.c-1693-			    .help = "Random read",
options.c-1694-			  },
options.c-1695-			  { .ival = "randwrite",
options.c:1696:			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDWRITE,
options.c-1697-			    .help = "Random write",
options.c-1698-			  },
options.c-1699-			  { .ival = "randtrim",
options.c:1700:			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDTRIM,
options.c-1701-			    .help = "Random trim",
options.c-1702-			  },
options.c-1703-			  { .ival = "rw",
--
options.c-1709-			    .help = "Sequential read and write mix",
options.c-1710-			  },
options.c-1711-			  { .ival = "randrw",
options.c:1712:			    .oval = TD_DDIR_RANDRW,
options.c-1713-			    .help = "Random read and write mix"
options.c-1714-			  },
options.c-1715-			  { .ival = "trimwrite",

接着查找 td_random 的定义和引用，重点关注在 io_u.c 中的影响，因为这里才是序列生成的主要位置，发现当时 random 时，调用了 get_next_rand_block 函数，应该就是生成随机数的位置：

$ grep -rHn td_random -C5 io_u.c
io_u.c-416-	assert(ddir_rw(ddir));
io_u.c-417-
io_u.c-418-	b = offset = -1ULL;
io_u.c-419-
io_u.c-420-	if (rw_seq) {
io_u.c:421:		if (td_random(td)) {
io_u.c-422-			if (should_do_random(td, ddir)) {
io_u.c-423-				ret = get_next_rand_block(td, f, ddir, &b);
io_u.c-424-				*is_random = true;
io_u.c-425-			} else {
io_u.c-426-				*is_random = false;
--
io_u.c-934-	}
io_u.c-935-
io_u.c-936-	/*
io_u.c-937-	 * mark entry before potentially trimming io_u
io_u.c-938-	 */
io_u.c:939:	if (td_random(td) && file_randommap(td, io_u->file))
io_u.c-940-		io_u->buflen = mark_random_map(td, io_u, offset, io_u->buflen);
io_u.c-941-
io_u.c-942-out:
io_u.c-943-	dprint_io_u(io_u, "fill");
io_u.c-944-	td->zone_bytes += io_u->buflen;

在 io_u.c 中查看 get_next_rand_block 的代码，最终调用了之前已经分析到的调用 dprint 的位置，使用 __rand 和 rand_max 进行随机数计算：

static int get_next_rand_block(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
			       enum fio_ddir ddir, uint64_t *b)
{
	if (!get_next_rand_offset(td, f, ddir, b))
		return 0;

	if (td->o.time_based ||
	    (td->o.file_service_type & __FIO_FSERVICE_NONUNIFORM)) {
		fio_file_reset(td, f);
		loop_cache_invalidate(td, f);
		if (!get_next_rand_offset(td, f, ddir, b))
			return 0;
	}

	dprint(FD_IO, "%s: rand offset failed, last=%llu, size=%llu\n",
			f->file_name, (unsigned long long) f->last_pos[ddir],
			(unsigned long long) f->real_file_size);
	return 1;
}

static int get_next_rand_offset(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
				enum fio_ddir ddir, uint64_t *b)
{
	if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_RANDOM) {
		uint64_t lastb;

		lastb = last_block(td, f, ddir);
		if (!lastb)
			return 1;

		return __get_next_rand_offset(td, f, ddir, b, lastb);
	} else if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_ZIPF)
		return __get_next_rand_offset_zipf(td, f, ddir, b);
	else if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_PARETO)
		return __get_next_rand_offset_pareto(td, f, ddir, b);
	else if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_GAUSS)
		return __get_next_rand_offset_gauss(td, f, ddir, b);
	else if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_ZONED)
		return __get_next_rand_offset_zoned(td, f, ddir, b);
	else if (td->o.random_distribution == FIO_RAND_DIST_ZONED_ABS)
		return __get_next_rand_offset_zoned_abs(td, f, ddir, b);

	log_err("fio: unknown random distribution: %d\n", td->o.random_distribution);
	return 1;
}

static int __get_next_rand_offset(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
				  enum fio_ddir ddir, uint64_t *b,
				  uint64_t lastb)
{
	uint64_t r;

	if (td->o.random_generator == FIO_RAND_GEN_TAUSWORTHE ||
	    td->o.random_generator == FIO_RAND_GEN_TAUSWORTHE64) {

		r = __rand(&td->random_state);

		dprint(FD_RANDOM, "off rand %llu\n", (unsigned long long) r);

		*b = lastb * (r / (rand_max(&td->random_state) + 1.0));
	} else {
		uint64_t off = 0;

		assert(fio_file_lfsr(f));

		if (lfsr_next(&f->lfsr, &off))
			return 1;

		*b = off;
	}

	/*
	 * if we are not maintaining a random map, we are done.
	 */
	if (!file_randommap(td, f))
		goto ret;

	/*
	 * calculate map offset and check if it's free
	 */
	if (random_map_free(f, *b))
		goto ret;

	dprint(FD_RANDOM, "get_next_rand_offset: offset %llu busy\n",
						(unsigned long long) *b);

	*b = axmap_next_free(f->io_axmap, *b);
	if (*b == (uint64_t) -1ULL)
		return 1;
ret:
	return 0;
}

分析随机数计算

查找 __rand 函数，是定义在 lib/rand.h 中的一个静态内联函数：

$ grep -rHn " __rand("
backend.c:1012:				io_u->rand_seed = __rand(&td->verify_state);
backend.c:1014:					io_u->rand_seed *= __rand(&td->verify_state);
engines/rdma.c:715:			index = __rand(&rd->rand_state) % rd->rmt_nr;
engines/rdma.c:725:			index = __rand(&rd->rand_state) % rd->rmt_nr;
filesetup.c:337:	r = __rand(&td->file_size_state);
io_u.c:96:		r = __rand(&td->random_state);
io_u.c:548:		r = __rand(&td->bsrange_state[ddir]);
io_u.c:1165:		r = __rand(&td->next_file_state);
lib/gauss.c:16:	r = __rand(&gs->r);
lib/gauss.c:28:		sum += __rand(&gs->r) % (gs->nranges + 1);
lib/rand.c:128:	unsigned long r = __rand(fs);
lib/rand.c:131:		r *= (unsigned long) __rand(fs);
lib/rand.c:190:	unsigned long r = __rand(fs);
lib/rand.c:193:		r *= (unsigned long) __rand(fs);
lib/rand.h:96:static inline uint64_t __rand(struct frand_state *state)
lib/zipf.c:32:	zs->rand_off = __rand(&zs->rand);
lib/zipf.c:55:	rand_uni = (double) __rand(&zs->rand) / (double) FRAND32_MAX;
lib/zipf.c:82:	double rand = (double) __rand(&zs->rand) / (double) FRAND32_MAX;
trim.c:77:	r = __rand(&td->trim_state);
verify.c:1370:			io_u->rand_seed = __rand(&td->verify_state);
verify.c:1372:				io_u->rand_seed *= __rand(&td->verify_state);

查看该函数的实现，其最终计算结果只与输入形参有关，实实在在的伪随机：

struct taus88_state {
	unsigned int s1, s2, s3;
};

struct taus258_state {
	uint64_t s1, s2, s3, s4, s5;
};

struct frand_state {
	unsigned int use64;
	union {
		struct taus88_state state32;
		struct taus258_state state64;
	};
};

static inline unsigned int __rand32(struct taus88_state *state)
{
#define TAUSWORTHE(s,a,b,c,d) ((s&c)<<d) ^ (((s <<a) ^ s)>>b)

	state->s1 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s1, 13, 19, 4294967294UL, 12);
	state->s2 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s2, 2, 25, 4294967288UL, 4);
	state->s3 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s3, 3, 11, 4294967280UL, 17);

	return (state->s1 ^ state->s2 ^ state->s3);
}

static inline uint64_t __rand64(struct taus258_state *state)
{
	uint64_t xval;

	xval = ((state->s1 <<  1) ^ state->s1) >> 53;
	state->s1 = ((state->s1 & 18446744073709551614ULL) << 10) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s2 << 24) ^ state->s2) >> 50;
	state->s2 = ((state->s2 & 18446744073709551104ULL) <<  5) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s3 <<  3) ^ state->s3) >> 23;
	state->s3 = ((state->s3 & 18446744073709547520ULL) << 29) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s4 <<  5) ^ state->s4) >> 24;
	state->s4 = ((state->s4 & 18446744073709420544ULL) << 23) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s5 <<  3) ^ state->s5) >> 33;
	state->s5 = ((state->s5 & 18446744073701163008ULL) <<  8) ^ xval;

	return (state->s1 ^ state->s2 ^ state->s3 ^ state->s4 ^ state->s5);
}

static inline uint64_t __rand(struct frand_state *state)
{
	if (state->use64)
		return __rand64(&state->state64);
	else
		return __rand32(&state->state32);
}

再次查找 rand_max 的实现，依旧定义在 lib/rand.h 中：

$ grep -rHn " rand_max("
filesetup.c:336:	frand_max = rand_max(&td->file_size_state);
io_u.c:546:	frand_max = rand_max(&td->bsrange_state[ddir]);
io_u.c:1162:		uint64_t frand_max = rand_max(&td->next_file_state);
lib/rand.h:27:static inline uint64_t rand_max(struct frand_state *state)
trim.c:76:	frand_max = rand_max(&td->trim_state);

输出也是严重依赖输入，依旧不是随机计算：

#define FRAND32_MAX	(-1U)
#define FRAND64_MAX	(-1ULL)

static inline uint64_t rand_max(struct frand_state *state)
{
	if (state->use64)
		return FRAND64_MAX;
	else
		return FRAND32_MAX;
}

分析种子初始化

从上面可以看出，整机计算结果只与输入的 random_state 有关，那么接下来查找一下 random_state 的初始化和引用处，最终发现 random_state 使用 init_rand_seed 进行初始化，之后只有 __rand 和 rand_max 函数会对其进行变更：

$ grep -rHn random_state
fio.h:357:	struct frand_state random_state;
init.c:1056:	init_rand_seed(&td->random_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF], use64);
io_u.c:96:		r = __rand(&td->random_state);
io_u.c:100:		*b = lastb * (r / (rand_max(&td->random_state) + 1.0));
verify.c:1623:		if (td->random_state.use64) {
verify.c:1624:			s->rand.state64.s[0] = cpu_to_le64(td->random_state.state64.s1);
verify.c:1625:			s->rand.state64.s[1] = cpu_to_le64(td->random_state.state64.s2);
verify.c:1626:			s->rand.state64.s[2] = cpu_to_le64(td->random_state.state64.s3);
verify.c:1627:			s->rand.state64.s[3] = cpu_to_le64(td->random_state.state64.s4);
verify.c:1628:			s->rand.state64.s[4] = cpu_to_le64(td->random_state.state64.s5);
verify.c:1632:			s->rand.state32.s[0] = cpu_to_le32(td->random_state.state32.s1);
verify.c:1633:			s->rand.state32.s[1] = cpu_to_le32(td->random_state.state32.s2);
verify.c:1634:			s->rand.state32.s[2] = cpu_to_le32(td->random_state.state32.s3);

再查看 init_rand_seed 的实现，依旧是伪随机计算，只与输入形参 seed 有关：

// lib/rand.h
static inline uint64_t __rand64(struct taus258_state *state)
{
	uint64_t xval;

	xval = ((state->s1 <<  1) ^ state->s1) >> 53;
	state->s1 = ((state->s1 & 18446744073709551614ULL) << 10) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s2 << 24) ^ state->s2) >> 50;
	state->s2 = ((state->s2 & 18446744073709551104ULL) <<  5) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s3 <<  3) ^ state->s3) >> 23;
	state->s3 = ((state->s3 & 18446744073709547520ULL) << 29) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s4 <<  5) ^ state->s4) >> 24;
	state->s4 = ((state->s4 & 18446744073709420544ULL) << 23) ^ xval;

	xval = ((state->s5 <<  3) ^ state->s5) >> 33;
	state->s5 = ((state->s5 & 18446744073701163008ULL) <<  8) ^ xval;

	return (state->s1 ^ state->s2 ^ state->s3 ^ state->s4 ^ state->s5);
}

// lib/rand.c
static inline uint64_t __seed(uint64_t x, uint64_t m)
{
	return (x < m) ? x + m : x;
}

static void __init_rand32(struct taus88_state *state, unsigned int seed)
{
	int cranks = 6;

#define LCG(x, seed)  ((x) * 69069 ^ (seed))

	state->s1 = __seed(LCG((2^31) + (2^17) + (2^7), seed), 1);
	state->s2 = __seed(LCG(state->s1, seed), 7);
	state->s3 = __seed(LCG(state->s2, seed), 15);

	while (cranks--)
		__rand32(state);
}

static void __init_rand64(struct taus258_state *state, uint64_t seed)
{
	int cranks = 6;

#define LCG64(x, seed)  ((x) * 6906969069ULL ^ (seed))

	state->s1 = __seed(LCG64((2^31) + (2^17) + (2^7), seed), 1);
	state->s2 = __seed(LCG64(state->s1, seed), 7);
	state->s3 = __seed(LCG64(state->s2, seed), 15);
	state->s4 = __seed(LCG64(state->s3, seed), 33);
	state->s5 = __seed(LCG64(state->s4, seed), 49);

	while (cranks--)
		__rand64(state);
}

void init_rand(struct frand_state *state, bool use64)
{
	state->use64 = use64;

	if (!use64)
		__init_rand32(&state->state32, 1);
	else
		__init_rand64(&state->state64, 1);
}

void init_rand_seed(struct frand_state *state, unsigned int seed, bool use64)
{
	state->use64 = use64;

	if (!use64)
		__init_rand32(&state->state32, seed);
	else
		__init_rand64(&state->state64, seed);
}

分析种子来源

再查看一下 seed 这个形参 td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF] 的引用处，是在 init.c 的 1054 处进行初始化的：

$ grep -rHn "rand_seeds\[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF\]"
filesetup.c:1292:			seed = td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF];
filesetup.c:1882:		lfsr_reset(&f->lfsr, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF]);
init.c:1054:		td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number;
init.c:1056:	init_rand_seed(&td->random_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF], use64);

查看一下该出函数的实现，发现依赖进程的 thread_number 变量：

// init.c
static void td_fill_rand_seeds_internal(struct thread_data *td, bool use64)
{
	unsigned int read_seed = td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BS_OFF];
	unsigned int write_seed = td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BS1_OFF];
	unsigned int trim_seed = td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BS2_OFF];
	int i;

	/*
	 * trimwrite is special in that we need to generate the same
	 * offsets to get the "write after trim" effect. If we are
	 * using bssplit to set buffer length distributions, ensure that
	 * we seed the trim and write generators identically. Ditto for
	 * verify, read and writes must have the same seed, if we are doing
	 * read verify.
	 */
	if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE)
		write_seed = read_seed;
	if (td_trimwrite(td))
		trim_seed = write_seed;
	init_rand_seed(&td->bsrange_state[DDIR_READ], read_seed, use64);
	init_rand_seed(&td->bsrange_state[DDIR_WRITE], write_seed, use64);
	init_rand_seed(&td->bsrange_state[DDIR_TRIM], trim_seed, use64);

	td_fill_verify_state_seed(td);
	init_rand_seed(&td->rwmix_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_MIX_OFF], false);

	if (td->o.file_service_type == FIO_FSERVICE_RANDOM)
		init_rand_seed(&td->next_file_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_FILE_OFF], use64);
	else if (td->o.file_service_type & __FIO_FSERVICE_NONUNIFORM)
		init_rand_file_service(td);

	init_rand_seed(&td->file_size_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_FILE_SIZE_OFF], use64);
	init_rand_seed(&td->trim_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_TRIM_OFF], use64);
	init_rand_seed(&td->delay_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_START_DELAY], use64);
	init_rand_seed(&td->poisson_state[0], td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_POISSON_OFF], 0);
	init_rand_seed(&td->poisson_state[1], td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_POISSON2_OFF], 0);
	init_rand_seed(&td->poisson_state[2], td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_POISSON3_OFF], 0);
	init_rand_seed(&td->dedupe_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_DEDUPE_OFF], false);
	init_rand_seed(&td->zone_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_ZONE_OFF], false);

	if (!td_random(td))
		return;

	if (td->o.rand_repeatable)
		td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number;

	init_rand_seed(&td->random_state, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF], use64);

	for (i = 0; i < DDIR_RWDIR_CNT; i++) {
		struct frand_state *s = &td->seq_rand_state[i];

		init_rand_seed(s, td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_SEQ_RAND_READ_OFF], false);
	}
}

在查找 thread_number 变量的初始化和引用位置，发现 HOWTO 里面貌似有解释：

$ grep -rHn thread_number
HOWTO:1245:	* thread_number`, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and
backend.c:64:unsigned int thread_number = 0;
backend.c:1624:			ret = fio_cpus_split(&o->cpumask, td->thread_number - 1);
backend.c:1899:		verify_save_state(td->thread_number);
backend.c:2131:					td->thread_number - 1, &data);
backend.c:2248:	todo = thread_number;
backend.c:2254:		print_status_init(td->thread_number - 1);
backend.c:2488:	if (!thread_number)
client.c:923:	pdu.thread_number = cpu_to_le32(client->thread_number);
client.c:948:	dst->thread_number	= le32_to_cpu(src->thread_number);
client.c:1078:	if (client->opt_lists && p->ts.thread_number <= client->jobs)
client.c:1079:		opt_list = &client->opt_lists[p->ts.thread_number - 1];
client.c:1095:	client_ts.thread_number = p->ts.thread_number;
client.c:1653:	ret->thread_number	= le32_to_cpu(ret->thread_number);
client.c:1832:		client->thread_number = le32_to_cpu(pdu->thread_number);
client.h:60:	uint32_t thread_number;
eta.c:41:	char c = __run_str[td->thread_number - 1];
eta.c:118:	__run_str[td->thread_number - 1] = c;
eta.c:411:	eta_secs = malloc(thread_number * sizeof(uint64_t));
eta.c:412:	memset(eta_secs, 0, thread_number * sizeof(uint64_t));
eta.c:530:	je->nr_threads = thread_number;
eta.c:704:	if (!thread_number)
filesetup.c:1203:	seed = jhash(f->file_name, strlen(f->file_name), 0) * td->thread_number;
fio.1:1012:* thread_number', where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and
fio.h:183:	unsigned int thread_number;
fio.h:509:extern unsigned int thread_number;
fio.h:701:	for ((i) = 0, (td) = &threads[0]; (i) < (int) thread_number; (i)++, (td)++)
gclient.c:299:	client_ts.thread_number = p->ts.thread_number;
gclient.c:578:	p->thread_number = le32_to_cpu(p->thread_number);
init.c:480:	if (thread_number >= max_jobs) {
init.c:486:	td = &threads[thread_number++];
init.c:505:	td->thread_number = thread_number;
init.c:536:	memset(&threads[td->thread_number - 1], 0, sizeof(*td));
init.c:537:	thread_number--;
init.c:1054:		td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number;
init.c:1073:			td->rand_seeds[i] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number
init.c:1235:		td->rand_seeds[i] = seed * td->thread_number + i;
init.c:1565:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1569:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1573:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1605:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1637:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1668:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:3004:	if (!thread_number) {
libfio.c:160:	thread_number = 0;
server.c:758:	spdu.jobs = cpu_to_le32(thread_number);
server.c:801:	spdu.jobs = cpu_to_le32(thread_number);
server.c:842:	spdu.jobs = cpu_to_le32(thread_number);
server.c:943:	tnumber = le32_to_cpu(pdu->thread_number);
server.c:947:	if (!tnumber || tnumber > thread_number) {
server.c:1478:	p.ts.thread_number	= cpu_to_le32(ts->thread_number);
server.c:1958:		.thread_number		= cpu_to_le32(td->thread_number),
server.c:2029:		.thread_number = cpu_to_le32(td->thread_number),
server.h:172:	uint32_t thread_number;
server.h:192:	uint32_t thread_number;
stat.c:1782:			ts->thread_number = td->thread_number;
stat.c:1998:	rt = malloc(thread_number * sizeof(unsigned long long));
stat.h:152:	uint32_t thread_number;
stat.h:365:#define THREAD_RUNSTR_SZ	__THREAD_RUNSTR_SZ(thread_number)
verify.c:1168:	hdr->thread = td->thread_number;
verify.c:1797:	fd = open_state_file(td->o.name, prefix, td->thread_number - 1, 0);

进 HOWTO 看看，这个变量其实就是一个进程编号，我们这个一直是单进程测试，这个值就是 0 ：

$ grep -rHn thread_number HOWTO -C5
HOWTO-1240-	offset is aligned to the minimum block size.
HOWTO-1241-
HOWTO-1242-.. option:: offset_increment=int
HOWTO-1243-
HOWTO-1244-	If this is provided, then the real offset becomes `offset + offset_increment
HOWTO:1245:	* thread_number`, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and
HOWTO-1246-	is incremented for each sub-job (i.e. when :option:`numjobs` option is
HOWTO-1247-	specified). This option is useful if there are several jobs which are
HOWTO-1248-	intended to operate on a file in parallel disjoint segments, with even
HOWTO-1249-	spacing between the starting points.
HOWTO-1250-

在 init.c 里查找一下他的引用处，第 480 行附近的语句貌似是主要修改这个值的位置：

$ grep -rHn thread_number init.c 
init.c:480:	if (thread_number >= max_jobs) {
init.c:486:	td = &threads[thread_number++];
init.c:505:	td->thread_number = thread_number;
init.c:536:	memset(&threads[td->thread_number - 1], 0, sizeof(*td));
init.c:537:	thread_number--;
init.c:1054:		td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number;
init.c:1073:			td->rand_seeds[i] = FIO_RANDSEED * td->thread_number
init.c:1235:		td->rand_seeds[i] = seed * td->thread_number + i;
init.c:1565:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1569:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1573:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1605:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1637:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:1668:				td->thread_number, suf, o->per_job_logs);
init.c:3004:	if (!thread_number) {

进 init.c 中进行详细查看， thread_number 这个值的确是岁进程数的增加而进行递加的：

// init.c
/*
 * Return a free job structure.
 */
static struct thread_data *get_new_job(bool global, struct thread_data *parent,
				       bool preserve_eo, const char *jobname)
{
	struct thread_data *td;

	if (global)
		return &def_thread;
	if (setup_thread_area()) {
		log_err("error: failed to setup shm segment\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	if (thread_number >= max_jobs) {
		log_err("error: maximum number of jobs (%d) reached.\n",
				max_jobs);
		return NULL;
	}

	td = &threads[thread_number++];
	*td = *parent;

	INIT_FLIST_HEAD(&td->opt_list);
	if (parent != &def_thread)
		copy_opt_list(td, parent);

	td->io_ops = NULL;
	td->io_ops_init = 0;
	if (!preserve_eo)
		td->eo = NULL;

	td->o.uid = td->o.gid = -1U;

	dup_files(td, parent);
	fio_options_mem_dupe(td);

	profile_add_hooks(td);

	td->thread_number = thread_number;
	td->subjob_number = 0;

	if (jobname)
		td->o.name = strdup(jobname);

	if (!parent->o.group_reporting || parent == &def_thread)
		stat_number++;

	return td;
}

最终总结

整个随机序列的数值生成只依赖于创建这个 Job 的序号，以及整个测试序列的数量，这是实实在在的伪随机。之前的 --debug=random 中第一列是 PID ，第二列就是最终生成的序列序号；
先使用 randwrite 在文件系统中进行数据写入，如果文件系统为空，且写入期间没有其他文件被写入，那么虽然逻辑上是随机序列，但实际被文件系统分配到连续的物理扇区上（同时，写操作没有被块设备调度器进行合并，所以随机写的 IO 次数并未被变少）；
接着再进行 randread 进行 IOPS 测试时，由于伪随机的原因，和之前 randwrite 的逻辑随机序列是一样的，但经过文件系统到达块设备时，就是物理上连续的扇区，会被块设备调度器合并，变成顺序读， IO 次数减少，所以这时测试的 IOPS 会偏大（至于为啥写没被合并，读却被合并，这跟文件系统和调度器算法中，读写合并等待时间以及队列长度等参数不同有关）；
在使用 fio 进行随机读测试之前，应该使用 dd 或者 fio 的顺序写初始化文件，使读写的序列顺序不同，即可规避这个问题；
至于随机写的测试，最好也要在测试前对文件系统进行一些列不规则的文件增删读写，使得文件系统的文件扇区分配不再连续，以便得出更靠谱的测试结果。