僵尸进程与孤儿进程

1.僵尸进程

在父进程执行wait()之前，其子进程就已终止， 即使子进程终止，系统也允许父进程在以后的某个时刻去执行wait()，以确定子进程是如何终止。内核通过将子进程转为僵尸进程，以释放其占用的系统资源，供其他进程使用，该进程唯一保留的是系统PCB中的一条记录，其中包含了子进程的ID，终止状态，和资源使用的数据。当父进程再次调用wait()，内核进程表中将删除该记录，如果父进程终止，init进程会自动调用wait()，以删除该记录.

2.孤儿进程

父进程在子进程之前退出或者终止，init进程会接管其子进程，此时子进程调用getppid()得到的是1，子进程终止，init会自动调用wait()。

3.僵尸进程示例

#include <signal.h>
#include <libgen.h>             /* For basename() declaration */
#include "tlpi_hdr.h"

#define CMD_SIZE 200

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char cmd[CMD_SIZE];
    pid_t childPid;

    setbuf(stdout, NULL);       /* Disable buffering of stdout */

    printf("Parent PID=%ld\n", (long) getpid());

    switch (childPid = fork()) {
    case -1:
        errExit("fork");

    case 0:     /* Child: immediately exits to become zombie */
        printf("Child (PID=%ld) exiting\n", (long) getpid());
        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

    default:    /* Parent */
        sleep(3);               /* Give child a chance to start and exit */
        snprintf(cmd, CMD_SIZE, "ps | grep %s", basename(argv[0]));
        system(cmd);            /* View zombie child */

        /* Now send the "sure kill" signal to the zombie */

        if (kill(childPid, SIGKILL) == -1)
            errMsg("kill");
        sleep(3);               /* Give child a chance to react to signal */
        printf("After sending SIGKILL to zombie (PID=%ld):\n", (long) childPid);
        system(cmd);            /* View zombie child again */

   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }
}

 $ ./make_zombie 
Parent PID=61272
Child (PID=61273) exiting
 61272 pts/1    00:00:00 make_zombie
 61273 pts/1    00:00:00 make_zombie <defunct>
After sending SIGKILL to zombie (PID=61273):
 61272 pts/1    00:00:00 make_zombie
 61273 pts/1    00:00:00 make_zombie <defunct>