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LEON W. COUCH, II 著 PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION xiii xvii 1 1–1 Historical Perspective 1–2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 1–3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 1–4 Organization of the Book 7 1–5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 1–6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 1–7 Frequency Allocations 10 1–8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 12 1–9 Information Measure 17 1–10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 1–11 Coding 20 Block Codes, 21 Convolutional Codes, 23 Code Interleaving, 26 Code Performance, 26 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 28 3 5 6 8 8 19 iii iv Contents 1–12 Preview 30 1–13 Study-Aid Examples Problems 31 2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 30 2–1 Properties of Signals and Noise Physically Realizable Waveforms, 35 Time Average Operator, 36 DC Value, 37 Power, 38 34 RMS Value and Normalized Power, 40 Energy and Power Waveforms, 41 Decibel, 41 Phasors, 43 2–2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 44 Definition, 44 Properties of Fourier Transforms, 48 Parseval’s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density, 49 Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function, 52 Rectangular and Triangular Pulses, 55 Convolution, 60 2–3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function Power Spectral Density, 63 Autocorrelation Function, 65 2–4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise Orthogonal Functions, 68 Orthogonal Series, 69 2–5 Fourier Series 71 Complex Fourier Series, 71 Quadrature Fourier Series, 72 Polar Fourier Series, 74 Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms, 75 Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms, 80 2–6 Review of Linear Systems 82 Linear Time-Invariant Systems, 82 Impulse Response, 82 Transfer Function, 83 Distortionless Transmission, 86 Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals, 89 2–7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 89 Bandlimited Waveforms, 90 Sampling Theorem, 90 Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing, 93 Dimensionality Theorem, 95 63 67 34 Contents v 2–8 Discrete Fourier Transform 97 Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform, 98 Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series, 103 2–9 Bandwidth of Signals 105 2–10 Summary 112 2–11 Study-Aid Examples 113 Problems 117 3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 132 3–1 Introduction 132 3–2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 133 Natural Sampling (Gating), 133 Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM), 137 3–3 Pulse Code Modulation 141 Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding, 142 Practical PCM Circuits, 145 Bandwidth of PCM Signals, 146 Effects of Noise, 148 Nonuniform Quantizing: μ-Law and A-Law Companding, 152 3–4 Digital Signaling 155 Vector Representation, 157 Bandwidth Estimation, 160 Binary Signaling, 160 Multilevel Signaling, 162 3–5 Line Codes and Spectra 164 Binary Line Coding, 164 Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes, 167 Differential Coding, 174 Eye Patterns, 175 Regenerative Repeaters, 176 Bit Synchronization, 178 Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals, 181 Spectral Efficiency, 184 3–6 Intersymbol Interference 185 Nyquist’s First Method (Zero ISI), 188 Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering, 189 Nyquist’s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI, 194 3–7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 194 3–8 Delta Modulation 198 Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise, 201 Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation, 203 Speech Coding, 204 3–9 3–10 3–11 3–12 3–13 Time-Division Multiplexing 206 Frame Synchronization, 206 Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines, 210 TDM Hierarchy, 213 The T1 PCM System, 215 Packet Transmission System 219 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 220 Summary 224 Study-Aid Examples 224 Problems 228 vi Contents 4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 4–1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation, 238 Complex Envelope Representation, 238 4–2 Representation of Modulated Signals 241 4–3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 241 4–4 Evaluation of Power 245 4–5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 248 Equivalent Low-Pass Filter, 248 Linear Distortion, 250 4–6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 252 4–7 Received Signal Plus Noise 254 4–8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 254 Filters, 254 Amplifiers, 258 4–9 Nonlinear Distortion 259 4–10 Limiters 264 4–11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters 266 4–12 Frequency Multipliers 272 4–13 Detector Circuits 274 Envelope Detector, 274 Product Detector, 275 Frequency Modulation Detector, 277 4–14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 282 4–15 Direct Digital Synthesis 290 237 237 Contents vii 4–16 Transmitters and Receivers 290 Generalized Transmitters, 290 Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver, 292 Zero-IF Receivers, 296 Interference, 297 4–17 Software Radios 297 4–18 Summary 299 4–19 Study-Aid Examples 299 Problems 305 5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 5–1 Amplitude Modulation 314 5–2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital AM Broadcasting Digital AM Broadcasting, 320 5–3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 321 5–4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 322 5–5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 324 Single Sideband, 324 Vestigial Sideband, 328 5–6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 331 Representation of PM and FM Signals, 331 Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals, 336 Narrowband Angle Modulation, 341 Wideband Frequency Modulation, 342 Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems, 346 5–7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 348 5–8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital FM Broadcasting Digital FM Broadcasting, 351 5–9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 353 On-Off Keying (OOK), 353 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), 357 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK), 359 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), 359 5–10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 366 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying, 367 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 370 OQPSK and p/4 QPSK, 371 PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and p/4 QPSK, 374 Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and p/4 QPSK 313 with Raised Cosine Filtering, 376 319 351 viii Contents 5–11 Minimum-Shift Keying and GMSK 378 5–12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 5–13 Spread Spectrum Systems 388 Direct Sequence, 389 Frequency Hopping, 396 SS Frequency Bands, 397 5–14 Summary 397 5–15 Study-Aid Examples 397 Problems 401 6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 6–1 Some Basic Definitions 415 Random Processes, 415 Stationarity and Ergodicity, 416 Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity, 420 Complex Random Processes, 423 6–2 Power Spectral Density 424 Definition, 424 Wiener-Khintchine Theorem, 426 Properties of the PSD, 428 General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals, 433 White-Noise Processes, 435 Measurement of PSD, 436 6–3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes 6–4 Linear Systems 439 Input-Output Relationships, 439 6–5 Bandwidth Measures 444 Equivalent Bandwidth, 444 RMS Bandwidth, 444 6–6 The Gaussian Random Process 446 Properties of Gaussian Processes, 448 6–7 Bandpass Processes 450 Bandpass Representations, 450 Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes, 454 Proofs of Some Properties, 459 6–8 Matched Filters 464 General Results, 464 Results for White Noise, 466 Correlation Processing, 469 Transversal Matched Filter, 471 6–9 Summary 475 385 437 414 Contents ix 6–10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz’s Inequality 477 6–11 Study-Aid Examples 479 Problems 481 7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 492 7–1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 493 General Results, 493 Results for Gaussian Noise, 495 Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 497 Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 498 7–2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 499 Unipolar Signaling, 499 Polar Signaling, 502 Bipolar Signaling, 502 7–3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 504 On-Off Keying, 504 Binary-Phase-Shift Keying, 506 Frequency-Shift Keying, 507 7–4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 511 On-Off Keying, 511 Frequency-Shift Keying, 515 Differential Phase-Shift Keying, 517 7–5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 519 7–6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 521 Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth, 521 Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling, 523 Synchronization, 524 7–7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 525 7–8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 530 Comparison with Baseband Systems, 531 AM Systems with Product Detection, 532 AM Systems with Envelope Detection, 533 DSB-SC Systems, 535 SSB Systems, 535 PM Systems, 536 FM Systems, 540 FM Systems with Threshold Extension, 543 FM Systems with Deemphasis, 545 7–9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 548 Ideal System Performance, 548 x Contents 7–10 Summary 551 7–11 Study-Aid Examples 551 Problems 560 8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 569 8–1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 569 8–2 Telephone Systems 570 Historical Basis, 570 Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals, 571 8–3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 577 G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines, 578 Video On Demand (VOD), 580 Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), 580 8–4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 583 8–5 Satellite Communication Systems 583 Digital and Analog Television Transmission, 587 Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access, 589 Satellite Radio Broadcasting, 595 8–6 Link Budget Analysis 597 Signal Power Received, 597 Thermal Noise Sources, 600 Characterization of Noise Sources, 601 Noise Characterization of Linear Devices, 602 Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices, 607 Link Budget Evaluation, 609 Eb N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems, 612 Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments, 613 8–7 Fiber-Optic Systems 618 8–8 Cellular Telephone Systems 620 First Generation (1G)—The AMPS Analog Circuit-switched System, 624 Second Generation (2G)—The Digital Circuit-switched Systems, 626 Third Generation (3G)—Digital with Circuit and Packet Switching 629 Fourth Generation (4G)—Digital with Packet Switching 629 8–9 Television 630 Analog Black-and-White Television, 630 MTS Stereo Sound, 637 Analog Color Television, 637 Standards for TV and CATV Systems, 641 Digital TV (DTV), 649 8–10 Cable Data Modems 653 Contents xi 8–11 Wireless Data Networks 655 WiFi, 655 WiMAX, 656 8–12 Summary 657 8–13 Study-Aid Examples 657 Problems 662 APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, IDENTITIES, AND TABLES 669 A–1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 669 Definitions, 669 Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers, 669 A–2 Differential Calculus 670 Definition, 670 Differentiation Rules, 670 Derivative Table, 670 A–3 Indeterminate Forms 671 A–4 Integral Calculus 671 Definition, 671 Integration Techniques, 672 A–5 Integral Tables 672 Indefinite Integrals, 672 Definite Integrals, 673 A–6 Series Expansions 674 Finite Series, 674 Infinite Series, 674 A–7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 675 A–8 The Dirac Delta Function 675 Properties of Dirac Delta Functions, 676 A–9 Tabulation of Sa (x) = (sin x) x 677 A–10 Tabulation of Q (z) 678 APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 680 B–1 Introduction 680 B–2 Sets 681 B–3 Probability and Relative Frequency 682 Simple Probability, 682 Joint Probability, 683 Conditional Probabilities, 684 B–4 Random Variables 685 xii Contents B–5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 685 Properties of CDFs and PDFs, 688 Discrete and Continuous Distributions, 688 B–6 Ensemble Average and Moments 692 Ensemble Average, 692 Moments, 693 B–7 Examples of Important Distributions 695 Binomial Distribution, 695 Poisson Distribution, 698 Uniform Distribution, 698 Gaussian Distribution, 698 Sinusoidal Distribution, 703 B–8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables B–9 Multivariate Statistics 709 Multivariate CDFs and PDFs, 709 Bivariate Statistics, 711 Gaussian Bivariate Distribution, 712 Multivariate Functional Transformation, 712 Central Limit Theorem, 715 Problems 716 APPENDIX C USING MATLAB C–1 About the MATLAB M-Files 724 704 C–2 Quick Start for Running M-Files C–3 Programming in MATLAB 725 REFERENCES ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS INDEX