[JavaWeb基础(三)]HTTP请求消息与登录案例分析

四、HTTP请求消息

4.1 概念及特点

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议

传输协议:定义了,客户端和服务器端通信时,发送数据的格式

特点:

  1. 基于TCP/IP的高级协议
  2. 默认端口号:80
  3. 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应
  4. 无状态的:每次请求之间相互独立,不能交互数据

历史版本:

  • 1.0:每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接

  • 1.1:复用连接

image-20220808221413750

4.2 请求消息数据格式

4.2.1 请求行

格式:请求方式 请求url 请求协议/版本

GET /login.html HTTP/1.1

HTTP协议有7种请求方式,常用的有2种:

[1]GET

  1. 请求参数在请求行中,在url
  2. 请求的url长度有限制的
  3. 不太安全

[2]POST

  1. 请求参数在请求体中【参数位置与GET不一样】
  2. 请求的url长度没有限制的
  3. 相对安全

4.2.2 请求头

请求头用于浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

格式:请求头名称: 请求头值

常见的请求头:

  1. User-Agent:浏览器告诉服务器,我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息

​ 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息,解决浏览器的兼容性问题

  1. Referer:http://localhost/login.html
  • 告诉服务器,我(当前请求)从哪里来?
  • 作用:防盗链;统计工作

image-20220808224519479

4.2.3 请求空行

空行,用于分割POST请求的请求头和请求体。

4.2.4 请求体(正文)

请求体封装POST请求消息的请求参数。【GET无】

4.3 字符串格式

POST /login.html	HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: http://localhost/login.html
Connection: keep-alive	[复用]
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

username=zhangsan	[请求体]

五、Request

5.1 request对象和response对象的原理

image-20220808230901807

【注】

  1. requestresponse对象是由服务器创建的。我们来使用它们
  2. request对象是来获取请求消息response对象是来设置响应消息

5.2 request对象继承体系结构

ServletRequest – 接口
| 继承
HttpServletRequest – 接口
| 实现
org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat)

5.3 request获取请求消息数据功能

5.3.1 获取请求行数据

GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1

方法:

  1. 获取请求方式 :GET
  • String getMethod()
  1. **(*)**获取虚拟目录:/day14
  • String getContextPath()
  1. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1
  • String getServletPath()
  1. 获取get方式请求参数:name=zhangsan
  • String getQueryString()
  1. **(*)**获取请求URI/day14/demo1
  • String getRequestURI()/day14/demo1

  • StringBuffer getRequestURL():http://localhost/day14/demo1

  • URL(统一资源定位符): http://localhost/day14/demo1 中华人民共和国

  • URI(统一资源标识符): /day14/demo1 共和国

  1. 获取协议及版本:HTTP/1.1
  • String getProtocol()
  1. 获取客户机的IP地址:
  • String getRemoteAddr()
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.*;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/RequestDemo")
public class RequestDemo extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1. 获取请求方式: GET
        String method = request.getMethod();
        System.out.println(method);
        //2.(*)获取虚拟目录: /day14
        String contextPath = request.getContextPath();
        System.out.println(contextPath);
        //3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1
        String servletPath = request.getServletPath();
        System.out.println(servletPath);
        //4. 获取get方式请求参数:
        String queryString = request.getQueryString();
        System.out.println(queryString);
        //5.(*)获取请求URI: /day14/demo1
        String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();
        StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();
        System.out.println(requestURI);
        System.out.println(requestURL);
        //6. 获取协议及版本: HTTP/1.1
        String protocol = request.getProtocol();
        System.out.println(protocol);
        //7. 获取客户机的IP地址:
        String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();
        System.out.println(remoteAddr);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }
}

image-20220808233526032

5.3.2 获取请求头数据

方法:

  • (*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
  • Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称【类似迭代器】

[例1]

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo2")
public class RequestDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //演示获取请求头数据  
        //1.获取所有请求头名称
        Enumeration<String> headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
        //2.遍历
        while(headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
            String name = headerNames.nextElement();
            //根据名称获取请求头的值
            String value = request.getHeader(name);
            System.out.println(name+"---"+value);
        }
    }
}

[例2]

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo3")
public class RequestDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //演示获取请求头数据:user-agent
        String agent = request.getHeader("user-agent");
        //判断agent的浏览器版本
        if(agent.contains("Chrome")){
            //谷歌
            System.out.println("谷歌来了...");
        }else if(agent.contains("Firefox")){
            //火狐
            System.out.println("火狐来了...");
        }
    }
}

[例3]

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo4")
public class RequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //演示获取请求头数据:referer

        String referer = request.getHeader("referer");
        System.out.println(referer);//http://localhost/day14/login.html

        //防盗链
        if(referer != null ){
            if(referer.contains("/day14")){
                //正常访问
               // System.out.println("播放电影....");
                response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                response.getWriter().write("播放电影....");
            }else{
                //盗链
                //System.out.println("想看电影吗?来优酷吧...");
                response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                response.getWriter().write("想看电影吗?来优酷吧...");
            }
        }
    }
}

5.3.3 获取请求体数据

请求体:只有POST请求方式,才有请求体,在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数

步骤:

  1. 获取流对象
  • BufferedReader getReader():获取字符输入流,只能操作字符数据
  • ServletInputStream getInputStream():获取字节输入流,可以操作所有类型数据【在文件上传知识点后讲解】
  1. 再从流对象中拿数据
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo5")
public class RequestDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取请求消息体--请求参数

        //1.获取字符流
        BufferedReader br = request.getReader();
        //2.读取数据
        String line = null;
        while((line = br.readLine()) != null){
            System.out.println(line);
        }
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
}

5.4 request其他功能

5.4.1 获取请求参数

获取请求参数通用方式:不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数

  • String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
  • String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组【多用于复选框】 hobby=xx&hobby=game
  • Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
  • Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo6")
public class RequestDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //post 获取请求参数
        //根据参数名称获取参数值
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
      
        //根据参数名称获取参数值的数组
        String[] hobbies = request.getParameterValues("hobby");
        
        //获取所有请求的参数名称
        Enumeration<String> parameterNames = request.getParameterNames();

        // 获取所有参数的map集合
        Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap();
        
        //遍历
        Set<String> keyset = parameterMap.keySet();
        for (String name : keyset) {            
            //获取键获取值
            String[] values = parameterMap.get(name);
            System.out.println(name);
            for (String value : values) {
                System.out.println(value);
            }
            System.out.println("-----------------");
        }
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //get 获取请求参数
        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

[注]中文乱码问题

  • get方式:tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
  • post方式:会乱码
    • 解决:在获取参数前,设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

5.4.2 请求转发

一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式。

image-20220809121511246

步骤:

  • 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)

  • 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发:forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

特点:

  • 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化

  • 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中

  • 转发是一次请求

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.*;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/RequestDemo")
public class RequestDemo extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo8888被访问了。。。");
        //转发到demo1资源
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/RequestDemo1").forward(request,response);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
		this.doGet(request,response);
    }
}

image-20220809122505641

5.4.3 共享数据

  • 域对象:一个有作用范围的对象,可以在范围内共享数据
  • request域:代表一次请求的范围,一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
  • 方法:request.xx
  1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
  2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
  3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

5.4.4 获取ServletContext

  • ServletContext getServletContext()

ServletContext对象的功能将在下节讲解。

六、案例:用户登录

6.1 用户登录案例需求

1.编写login.html登录页面 username & password 两个输入框

2.使用Druid数据库连接池技术,操作mysql,day14数据库中user表

3.使用JdbcTemplate技术封装JDBC

4.登录成功跳转到SuccessServlet展示:登录成功!用户名,欢迎您

5.登录失败跳转到FailServlet展示:登录失败,用户名或密码错误

image-20220809165727080

6.2 开发步骤

6.2.1 创建项目和数据库环境

  1. 创建项目,导入html页面,配置文件,jar

    注意:

    • 需使用maven框架创建项目!
    • 项目结构如下,需注意druid.properties配置文件需放在resources文件夹下。

    image-20220810004930906

  2. 创建数据库环境

image-20220809172709396

6.2.2 创建类User

创建类User,并提供gettersetter方法

/**
 * 用户实体类
 */
public class User {
    private int id;
    private String username;
    private String password;

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

6.2.3 编写JDBC工具类

使用Durid连接池。

import com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSourceFactory;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.util.Properties;

/**
 * JDBC工具类,使用Druid连接池
 */
public class JDBCUtils {
    private static DataSource ds;

    static{
        try {
            //1.加载配置文件
            Properties pro = new Properties();
            //使用ClassLoader加载配置文件,获取字节输入流
            InputStream is = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("druid.properties");
            pro.load(is);
            //2.初始化连接池对象
            ds = DruidDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(pro);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    //获取连接池对象
    public static DataSource getDataSource(){
        return ds;
    }

    //获取连接Connection对象
    public static Connection getConnection() throws Exception{
        return ds.getConnection();
    }
}

6.2.4 创建UserLogin类,提供login方法

import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;

public class UserLogin {
    //声明JDBCTemplate对象共用
    private JdbcTemplate template = new JdbcTemplate(JDBCUtils.getDataSource());
    /**
     * 登录方法
     */
    public User login(User loginUser){
        try {
            //1.编写sql
            String sql = "select * from user where username = ? and password = ?";
            //2.调用query方法
            User user = template.queryForObject(sql,new BeanPropertyRowMapper<User>(User.class),
                    loginUser.getUsername(),loginUser.getPassword());
            return user;
        } catch (DataAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();    //记录日志
            return null;
        }
    }
}

6.2.5 编写LoginServlet类

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/loginServlet")
public class Servlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.设置编码
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //2.获取请求参数
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        String password = request.getParameter("password");
        //3.封装user对象
        User loginUser = new User();
        loginUser.setUsername(username);
        loginUser.setPassword(password);
        //4.调用UserLogin的login方法
        UserLogin userLogin = new UserLogin();
        User user = userLogin.login(loginUser);     //查询到的user
        //5.判断user
        if(user == null)
        {
            //登录失败
            request.getRequestDispatcher("/failServlet").forward(request,response);
        }else
        {
            //登录成功
            request.setAttribute("user",user);     //存储数据,键为"user",值为user对象
            request.getRequestDispatcher("/successServlet").forward(request,response);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request,response);
    }
}

6.2.6 编写FailServlet和SuccessServlet类

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/successServlet")
public class SuccessServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取request域中共享的user对象
        User user = (User)request.getAttribute("user");
        //给页面写一句话
        if(user != null)    //防止空指针异常
        {
            //设置编码
            response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
            //输出
            response.getWriter().write("登录成功!"+user.getUsername()+"欢迎您");
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request,response);
    }
}
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/failServlet")
public class FailServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //给页面写一句话
        //设置编码
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        //输出
        response.getWriter().write("登录失败!用户名或密码错误");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request,response);
    }
}

【备注】login.html中form表单的action路径的写法:虚拟目录+Servlet的资源路径

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form action="/loginServlet" method="post">
        用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
        密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>
        <input type="submit" value="登录">
    </form>
</body>
</html>

6.2.7 演示

输入正确:

image-20220810005553417

输入错误:

image-20220810005533641

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