网络管理(redhat 8.0)

网络基础管理

网卡命名

1.1 传统网卡命名机制

传统命名:
以太网[eth0.1,2…]
wlan[0.1,2…]

1.2 redhat 7 网卡命名机制systemd对网络设备的命名方式

  1. 如果Firmware或BIOS为主板上集成的设备提供的索引信息可用,且可预测,则根据此索引进行命名,例如eno1

  2. 如果Firmware或BIOS为PCI-E扩展槽所提供的索引信息可用,且可预测,则根据此索引进行命名,例如ens1

  3. 如果硬件接口的物理位置信息可用,则根据此信息进行命名,例如enp2s0

  4. 如果用户显式启动,也可根据MAC地址进行命名,例如enx2387a1dc56

  5. .上述均不可用时,则使用传统命名机制

上述命名机制中,有的需要biosdevname程序的参与。所以必须安装biosdevname程序且启用它。

1.3网络接口名称组成格式

基于固件、设备结构、设备类型

  • 由两个字母开头标示固件

    • 以太网网卡以en开头

    • 线网卡以wl开头

  • 设备结构

    • o:主板上集成的设备的设备索引号:

    • s:扩展槽的索引号

    • x:基于MAC地址的命名

    • ps: 基于物理位置拓扑的命名。如enp2s1,表示PCI总线上第2个总线的第1个插槽的设备

回归传统命名

  • 修改网卡配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens160 

在这里插入图片描述

  • 修改文件名
[root@localhost network-scripts]# mv ifcfg-ens160 ifcfg-eth0
  • 进入/etc/default/grub进行编辑
    #编辑/etc/default/grub配置文件,在以GRUB_ CMDLINE_ LINUX开头的行内rhgb的前面加上net . ifnames=0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vim /etc/default/grub 

在这里插入图片描述

  • 为grub2生成配置文件
[root@localhost network-scripts]# grub2-mkconfig -o /etc/grub2.cfg 
Generating grub configuration file ...
done
[root@localhost network-scripts]# reboot
  • 网卡回归传统命名完成
[root@localhost ~]# ip add
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.72.5/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe91:bd4/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:de brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

网络管理常用命令

1.1 ifconfig

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig 
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.72.5  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.72.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe91:bd4  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 311  bytes 25623 (25.0 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 167  bytes 17551 (17.1 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

eth1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:de  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 129  bytes 8439 (8.2 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

1.2 ip

语法: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND| help }
OBJECT:
link:网络接口属性
addr:协议地址
route:路由

  • 查看网卡连接状态、IP地址、路由
    ip link show
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:de brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip -s link show

[root@localhost ~]# ip -s link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    0          0        0       0       0       0       
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    0          0        0       0       0       0       
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    221401     1725     0       0       0       0       
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    56014      591      0       0       0       0       
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:de brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    62428      955      0       0       0       0       
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    62971      358      0       0       0       0       
4: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:e8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    108617     1098     0       0       0       0       
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    1146       15       0       0       0       0  

ip addr show

[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.72.5/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe91:bd4/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:de brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip route show

[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
default via 192.168.72.254 dev eth0 proto static metric 100 
192.168.72.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.72.5 metric 100 

启用/禁用网卡

  • 禁用网卡
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set eth0 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
#此时状态为DOWN mode
  • 启用网卡
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set eth0 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
#此时状态为UP mode

查看指定网卡的IP地址

[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:0b:d4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.72.5/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forev
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