上一节,我们简单介绍了一下index视图,其他三个视图没有补全,现进行说明:
detail.html视图适用于投票页面
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>
说明:error_message是当view中捕获到异常后,填写error_message信息,然后回传回页面
form表单中有 单选按钮,label,按钮,采用post方式发送,并且url发送添加token,防止url被篡改
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse from django.urls import reverse from .models import Choice, Question def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))说明:异常捕获两种,KeyError和DoesnotExist,前者是说如果前端页面没有传递name='choice'的参数,就会捕获KeyError的值,如果question中没有查到符合要求的choice,会触发 DoesnotExist异常。并会将question和error_message回传到polls/details.html
如果没有异常,则会将符合要求的choice值+1,然后保存数据库,并返回给前端页面polls:results显示
修改polls/view.py中results方法
def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})说明:results页面显示投票结果,按照话题查找所有的投票选项并显示。
添加results.html文件
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>说明:同上
这样如果没有语法错误就可以正常显示了
数据库没有选项,会提示错误信息
有相应的投票选项,正常显示,并可以投票
至此,官网提供的投票的小程序就完成其功能了,但是官网没完,还提供了更方便的django通用视图来重构现有的视图
代码如下:
polls.urls
# ex: /polls/
path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
# ex: /polls/5/
path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
# ex: /polls/5/results/
path('<int:pk>/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
说明:<int:question_id>改成<int:pk>
<views.detail>改成<view.DetailView.as_view()>
from django.views import generic
class IndexView(generic.ListView):
template_name = 'polls/index.html'
context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
def get_queryset(self):
"""Return the last five published questions."""
return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
model = Question
template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
model = Question
template_name = 'polls/results.html'
说明:使用了django的通用视图generic.DetailView和ListView
之前的方法由相应的类取代,并且继承了generic下的视图类
运行后,效果一致,但实现起来更加简洁
ps:
我们将Question 和Choice 模型都注册到polls/admin中,就会在admin界面显示两个模型,这样添加起来非常方便