1 Java函数式编程

首先我们需要了解函数式接口，从定义上看，使用了关键字interface，也就是说是一个接口，需要有实现。
接口上有@FunctionalInterface注解，作用是限制接口里的方法，限制的具体规则是：函数式接口就是必须有且只能有一个抽象方法的接口（静态方法可以有），在Java中，接口中的方法都隐式添加了public abstract关键字，所以所有方法都是抽象的，我们可以使用@FunctionalInterface注解来规范函数式接口的定义，如果你在接口中添加第二个方法，那么编译器会报错，这就是@FunctionalInterface的作用。

lambda表达式天然是函数接口的一个实现，此时就不存在实现的方法名字约束，因为lambda本身就是一个匿名的方法，他很简单地实现了函数接口。如果不使用lambda表达式，就需要重新建立一个类型，去implement函数接口，然后@Override方法，这样类就是固定了。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface FunctionalInterfaceT {
    void test();

    // 可以有多个静态方法
    static void f1(){}
    
    static void f2(){}

    // 可以有多个默认方法
    default void test2(){}

    default int d2(){return 1;}

    // 可以定义Object中非本地方法，实际上继承自Object
    boolean equals(Object o);

    String toString();

}

有了函数式接口，就需要实现，我们通常使用的实现是Lambda表达式，下面举个实例：

// 声明函数式入参方法
public static <T> T exc(Callable<T> callable) {
        return exc(callable, defaultHanlder);
}

public List<City> getAllCities() {
    // 调用函数式参数方法
    RestResponse<List<City>> resp = Rests.exc(() -> {
        String url = Rests.toUrl(houseServiceName, "/house/allCities");
        ResponseEntity<RestResponse<List<City>>> responseEntity = rest.get(url, new ParameterizedTypeReference<RestResponse<List<City>>>() {
        });
        return responseEntity.getBody();
    });
    return resp.getResult();
}

Java中有个Function接口需要我们关注下，这种泛型和函数式结合的形式。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
    /**
     * Applies this function to the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
     *           composed function
     * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function and then applies this function
     * @throws NullPointerException if before is null
     *
     * @see #andThen(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     *
     * @see #compose(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
     * @return a function that always returns its input argument
     */
    static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
        return t -> t;
    }

}