深入Java集合学习系列：HashSet的实现原理

1.    HashSet概述：
   HashSet实现Set接口，由哈希表（实际上是一个HashMap实例）支持。它不保证set 的迭代顺序；特别是它不保证该顺序恒久不变。此类允许使用null元素。
 
2.    HashSet的实现：

   对于HashSet而言，它是基于HashMap实现的，集成AbstractSet 实现Set接口，HashSet底层使用HashMap来保存所有元素，因此HashSet 的实现比较简单，相关HashSet的操作，基本上都是直接调用底层HashMap的相关方法来完成， HashSet的源代码如下：

  // 底层使用HashMap来保存HashSet中所有元素。  
  private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;

    // Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
	// 定义一个虚拟的Object对象作为HashMap的value，将此对象定义为static final。  
    private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
     * default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
     */
	  /** 
     * 默认的无参构造器，构造一个空的HashSet。 
     *  
     * 实际底层会初始化一个空的HashMap，并使用默认初始容量为16和加载因子0.75。 
     */  
    public HashSet() {
        map = new HashMap<>();
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
     * collection.  The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
     * (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
     * the specified collection.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
        addAll(c);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
     * the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hash map
     * @param      loadFactor        the load factor of the hash map
     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
     */
    public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
     * the specified initial capacity and default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hash table
     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero
     */
    public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
        map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty linked hash set.  (This package private
     * constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing
     * HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial
     * capacity and the specified load factor.
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hash map
     * @param      loadFactor        the load factor of the hash map
     * @param      dummy             ignored (distinguishes this
     *             constructor from other int, float constructor.)
     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
     */
    HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
        map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set.  The elements
     * are returned in no particular order.
     *
     * @return an Iterator over the elements in this set
     * @see ConcurrentModificationException
     */
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return map.keySet().iterator();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
     */
    public int size() {
        return map.size();
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return map.isEmpty();
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this set
     * contains an element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
     *
     * @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return map.containsKey(o);
    }

   /** 
     * 如果此set中尚未包含指定元素，则添加指定元素。 
     * 更确切地讲，如果此 set 没有包含满足(e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2)) 
     * 的元素e2，则向此set 添加指定的元素e。 
     * 如果此set已包含该元素，则该调用不更改set并返回false。 
     * 
     * 底层实际将将该元素作为key放入HashMap。 
     * 由于HashMap的put()方法添加key-value对时，当新放入HashMap的Entry中key 
     * 与集合中原有Entry的key相同（hashCode()返回值相等，通过equals比较也返回true）， 
     * 新添加的Entry的value会将覆盖原来Entry的value，但key不会有任何改变， 
     * 因此如果向HashSet中添加一个已经存在的元素时，新添加的集合元素将不会被放入HashMap中， 
     * 原来的元素也不会有任何改变，这也就满足了Set中元素不重复的特性。 
     * @param e 将添加到此set中的元素。 
     * @return 如果此set尚未包含指定元素，则返回true。 
     */  
    public boolean add(E e) {
        return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
     * More formally, removes an element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>,
     * if this set contains such an element.  Returns <tt>true</tt> if
     * this set contained the element (or equivalently, if this set
     * changed as a result of the call).  (This set will not contain the
     * element once the call returns.)
     *
     * @param o object to be removed from this set, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the set contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all of the elements from this set.
     * The set will be empty after this call returns.
     */
    public void clear() {
        map.clear();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance: the elements
     * themselves are not cloned.
     *
     * @return a shallow copy of this set
     */
    public Object clone() {
        try {
            HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
            newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone();
            return newSet;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }

3. 相关说明：

   1) 相关HashMap的实现原理，请参考我的上一遍总结：深入Java集合学习系列：HashMap的实现原理。

   2) 对于HashSet中保存的对象，请注意正确重写其equals和hashCode方法，以保证放入的对象的唯一性。