Protocol Buffers

什么是Protocol Buffers

Protocol Buffers是google开发的一种序列化数据结构的协议。对于透过管线(pipeline)或存储数据进行通信的程序开发上是很有用的。这个方法包含一个接口描述语言，描述一些数据结构，并提供程序工具根据这些描述产生代码，用于将这些数据结构产生或解析数据流。有了这种数据格式作为基础，上层有grpc，可以实现多语言互相调用。其实类似的rpc框架还有Apache的thrift框架。

Message Type

在Protocol中将封装基本类型的东西称作为message，和thrift中的struct类似，他有如下定义：
属性的定义格式为：
数据类型+变好量名称=序号 序号是从1开始的，为什么需要序号呢？因为要序列化

//定义协议的语法类型：
syntax = "proto3";
message SearchRequest {
//定义message的属性：
  string query = 1;
  int32 page_number = 2;
  int32 result_per_page = 3;
}

所有数据类型：

以下是Protocol官方列出的protocol对应的数据类型和各种语言对应的数据类型：

.proto Type	Notes	C++ Type	Java Type	Python Type[2]	Go Type	Ruby Type	C# Type	PHP Type	Dart Type
double		double	double	float	float64	Float	double	float	double
float		float	float	float	float32	Float	float	float	double
int32	Uses variable-length encoding. Inefficient for encoding negative numbers – if your field is likely to have negative values, use sint32 instead.	int32	int	int	int32	Fixnum or Bignum (as required)	int	integer	int
int64	Uses variable-length encoding. Inefficient for encoding negative numbers – if your field is likely to have negative values, use sint64 instead.	int64	long	int/long[3]	int64	Bignum	long	integer/string[5]	Int64
uint32	Uses variable-length encoding.	uint32	int[1]	int/long[3]	uint32	Fixnum or Bignum (as required)	uint	integer	int
uint64	Uses variable-length encoding.	uint64	long[1]	int/long[3]	uint64	Bignum	ulong	integer/string[5]	Int64
sint32	Uses variable-length encoding. Signed int value. These more efficiently encode negative numbers than regular int32s.	int32	int	int	int32	Fixnum or Bignum (as required)	int	integer	int
sint64	Uses variable-length encoding. Signed int value. These more efficiently encode negative numbers than regular int64s.	int64	long	int/long[3]	int64	Bignum	long	integer/string[5]	Int64
fixed32	Always four bytes. More efficient than uint32 if values are often greater than 228.	uint32	int[1]	int/long[3]	uint32	Fixnum or Bignum (as required)	uint	integer	int
fixed64	Always eight bytes. More efficient than uint64 if values are often greater than 256.	uint64	long[1]	int/long[3]	uint64	Bignum	ulong	integer/string[5]	Int64
sfixed32	Always four bytes.	int32	int	int	int32	Fixnum or Bignum (as required)	int	integer	int
sfixed64	Always eight bytes.	int64	long	int/long[3]	int64	Bignum	long	integer/string[5]	Int64
bool		bool	boolean	bool	bool	TrueClass/FalseClass	bool	boolean	bool
string	A string must always contain UTF-8 encoded or 7-bit ASCII text.	string	String	str/unicode[4]	string	String (UTF-8)	string	string	String
bytes	May contain any arbitrary sequence of bytes.	string	ByteString	str	[]byte	String (ASCII-8BIT)	ByteString	string	List<int>

枚举类型

枚举类型定义例子如下：
emum关键字+枚举变量值{枚举变量}

enum Corpus {
    UNIVERSAL = 0;
    WEB = 1;
    IMAGES = 2;
    LOCAL = 3;
    NEWS = 4;
    PRODUCTS = 5;
    VIDEO = 6;
  }

常用配置：

option java_package = "com.example.foo";定义java中的包名
option java_outer_classname = "Ponycopter";定义java中的类名
option ava_multiple_files是否要开启java多文件配置