二分查找
给定一个有序(不降序)数组arr。
1、求任意一个i使得arr[i]等于val,不存在则返回-1
2、求最小的i使得arr[i]等于val,不存在则返回-1
3、求最大的i使得arr[i]等于val,不存在则返回-1
4、求最大的i使得arr[i]小于val,不存在则返回-1
5、求最小的i使得arr[i]大于val,不存在则返回-1
一个错误的二分查找:
int bisearch(int *arr, int b, int e, int val)
{
while(b<e)
{
int mid = (b+e)>>2;
if(arr[mid] <= val)
{
b = mid;
}
else
{
e = mid-1;
}
}
if(arr[e] == val)
{
return e;
}
else
{
return -1;
}
}
下面通过构建测试用例来找出这个程序的问题
对于所有有效输入
在arr数组中查找元素val,对于问题123构建如下的测试用例。
arr数组 | 找到 | 未找到 |
空集 | 不存在 | 1 |
1个元素 | 2 | 3 |
多个元素 | arr中含有一个val 含有多个 位于arr开头 4 5 结尾 6 7 中间 8 9 | 比最小的小 10 比最大的大 11 在范围内就是不含有 12 |
构建测试用例
1 | int a1[] = {}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a1)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
2 | int a2[] = {8}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a2)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
3 | int a3[] = {10}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a3)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
4 | int a4[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a4)/sizeof(int)-1, 1) << endl; |
5 | int a5[] = {1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a5)/sizeof(int)-1, 1) << endl; |
6 | int a6[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,8}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a6)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
7 | int a7[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a7)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
8 | int a8[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,10,10,12}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a8)/sizeof(int)-1, 6) << endl; |
9 | int a9[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,10,10,12}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a9)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
10 | int a10[] = {2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a10)/sizeof(int)-1, 1) << endl; |
11 | int a11[] = {2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,7,7}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a11)/sizeof(int)-1, 12) << endl; |
12 | int a12[] = {2,3,4,5,7,7,7,7,7}; cout << bisearch(a, 0, sizeof(a12)/sizeof(int)-1, 6) << endl; |
期望的测试结果
测试用例编号 | 问题1 | 问题2 | 问题3 |
1 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 0-2任意 | 0 | 2 |
6 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
7 | 11-14任意 | 11 | 14 |
8 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
9 | 11-13 | 11 | 13 |
10 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
11 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
12 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
对于上面那个错误程序:测试样例4进入死循环,经过分析发现,(来自编程之美)
也就是说一种情况下没有缩小范围导致。
对每一种情况都缩小范围,可以得到题目1的如下代码:可以通过全部测试样例
//递归
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
if(s>e) return -1;
int mid = s + ((e - s) >>1);
if(arr[mid] == val) return mid;
else if(arr[mid] < val) return bisearch(arr,mid+1, e, val);
else return bisearch(arr,s, mid-1, val);
}
// 非递归
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
while(s<=e)
{
int mid = s + ((e-s)>>2);
if(arr[mid]==val) return mid;
else if(arr[mid]<val) s=mid+1;
else e=mid-1;
}
return -1;
}
//或者
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
/*
循环结束有两种情况
s为偶数 s=e
s为奇数 s=e-1
*/
while(s < e-1)
{
int mid = s+((e-s)>>1);
if(arr[mid]<=val)
{
s=mid;
}else{
// 不需要e=mid-1 防止s=e
e=mid;
}
}
if(arr[s]==val) return s;
if(arr[e]==val) return e;
return -1;
}
//第二题:
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
while(s <= e)
{
if(arr[s]==val) return s;
int mid = s+((e-s)>>1);
if(arr[mid]<val)
{
s=mid+1;
}else if(arr[mid]==val){
e=mid;
} else{
e=mid-1;
}
}
return -1;
}
//第三题:
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
while(s <= e)
{
if(arr[e]==val) return e;
int mid=s+((e-s-1)>>2)+1; // 尽量往后落,也就是3和4落在4 2和6仍然也落在4
if(arr[mid] < val)
s=mid+1;
else if(arr[mid] == val)
s=mid;
else
e=mid-1;
}
return -1;
}
对于4,5问题不存在找不到的情况,构建测试用例
arr | val |
空集 | 任意1 |
1个 | 相等2 大于3 小于 4 |
多个 | 小于最小5 等于最小 6 在中间相等7 不等8 等于最大 9 大于最大10 |
1 | int a1[] = {}; cout << bisearch(a1, 0, sizeof(a1)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
2 | int a2[] = {8}; cout << bisearch(a2, 0, sizeof(a2)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
3 | int a3[] = {10}; cout << bisearch(a3, 0, sizeof(a3)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
4 | int a4[] = {5}; cout << bisearch(a4, 0, sizeof(a4)/sizeof(int)-1, 8) << endl; |
5 | int a5[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a5, 0, sizeof(a5)/sizeof(int)-1, 1) << endl; |
6 | int a6[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a6, 0, sizeof(a6)/sizeof(int)-1, 3) << endl; |
7 | int a7[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a7, 0, sizeof(a7)/sizeof(int)-1, 7) << endl; |
8 | int a8[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a8, 0, sizeof(a8)/sizeof(int)-1, 9) << endl; |
9 | int a9[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a9, 0, sizeof(a9)/sizeof(int)-1, 18) << endl; |
10 | int a10[] = {3,5,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,12,18}; cout << bisearch(a10, 0, sizeof(a10)/sizeof(int)-1, 20) << endl; |
测试用例编号 | 问题4 | 问题5 |
1 | -1 | -1 |
2 | -1 | -1 |
3 | -1 | 0 |
4 | 0 | -1 |
5 | -1 | 0 |
6 | -1 | 1 |
7 | 2 | 6 |
8 | 9 | 10 |
9 | 10 | -1 |
10 | 11 | -1 |
//第四题
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
//求最大的i使得arr[i]小于val,不存在则返回-1
while(s<=e){
if(arr[e]<val) return e;
int mid = s+((e-s-1)>>1)+1;
if(arr[mid]<val){
s=mid;
}
else{
e=mid-1;
}
}
return -1;
}
//第五题
int bisearch(int *arr, int s, int e, int val)
{
//求最小的i使得arr[i]大于val,不存在则返回-1
while(s<=e){
if(arr[s] > val) return s;
int mid = s + ((e-s)>>1);
if(arr[mid]<=val){
s=mid+1;
} else{
e=mid;
}
}
return -1;
}