转自 http://fangjian0423.github.io/2016/04/18/java-synchronize-way/
Java提供了很多同步操作,比如synchronized关键字、wait/notifyAll、ReentrantLock、Condition、一些并发包下的工具类、Semaphore,ThreadLocal、AbstractQueuedSynchronizer等。
本文简单说明一下这几种方式的使用。
ReentrantLock可重入锁
ReentrantLock可重入锁是jdk内置的一个锁对象,可以用来实现同步,基本使用方法如下:
-
public
class
ReentrantLockTest {
-
-
private ReentrantLock
lock =
new ReentrantLock();
-
-
public void execute() {
-
lock.
lock();
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
” do something synchronize”);
-
try {
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
” interrupted”);
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
finally {
-
lock.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
ReentrantLockTest reentrantLockTest =
new ReentrantLockTest();
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
reentrantLockTest.execute();
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
reentrantLockTest.execute();
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
输出:
-
Thread-
0
do something synchronize
-
// 隔了5秒钟 输入下面
-
Thread-
1
do something synchronize
这个例子表示同一时间段只能有1个线程执行execute方法。
可重入锁中可重入表示的意义在于对于同一个线程,可以继续调用加锁的方法,而不会被挂起。可重入锁内部维护一个计数器,对于同一个线程调用lock方法,计数器+1,调用unlock方法,计数器-1。
举个例子再次说明一下可重入的意思,在一个加锁方法execute中调用另外一个加锁方法anotherLock并不会被挂起,可以直接调用(调用execute方法时计数器+1,然后内部又调用了anotherLock方法,计数器+1,变成了2):
-
public void execute() {
-
lock.
lock();
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" do something synchronize");
-
try {
-
anotherLock();
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
finally {
-
lock.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
-
public void anotherLock() {
-
lock.
lock();
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" invoke anotherLock");
-
}
finally {
-
lock.unlock();
-
}
-
}
输出:
-
Thread-0
do something synchronize
-
Thread
-0
invoke anotherLock
-
// 隔了
5秒钟 输入下面
-
Thread
-1
do something synchronize
-
Thread
-1
invoke anotherLock
synchronized关键字
synchronized关键跟ReentrantLock一样,也支持可重入锁。但是它是一个关键字,是一种语法级别的同步方式,称为内置锁:
-
public
class SynchronizedKeyWordTest {
-
-
public synchronized void execute() {
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" do something synchronize");
-
try {
-
anotherLock();
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
-
-
public synchronized void anotherLock() {
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" invoke anotherLock");
-
}
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
SynchronizedKeyWordTest reentrantLockTest =
new SynchronizedKeyWordTest();
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@Override
-
public void run() {
-
reentrantLockTest.execute();
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@Override
-
public void run() {
-
reentrantLockTest.execute();
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
输出结果跟ReentrantLock一样,这个例子说明内置锁可以作用在方法上。它还可以作用到变量,静态方法上。
synchronized跟ReentrantLock相比,有几点局限性:
- 加锁的时候不能设置超时。ReentrantLock有提供tryLock方法,可以设置超时时间,如果超过了这个时间并且没有获取到锁,就会放弃,而synchronized却没有这种功能
- ReentrantLock可以使用多个Condition,而synchronized却只能有1个
- 不能中断一个试图获得锁的线程
- ReentrantLock可以选择公平锁和非公平锁
- ReentrantLock可以获得正在等待线程的个数,计数器等
Condition条件对象
条件对象的意义在于对于一个已经获取锁的线程,如果还需要等待其他条件才能继续执行的情况下,才会使用Condition条件对象。
-
public
class
ConditionTest {
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
ReentrantLock
lock =
new ReentrantLock();
-
Condition condition =
lock.newCondition();
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
lock.
lock();
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" wait for condition");
-
try {
-
condition.
await();
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" continue");
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
finally {
-
lock.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
lock.
lock();
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" sleep 5 secs");
-
try {
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
condition.signalAll();
-
}
finally {
-
lock.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
这个例子中thread1执行到condition.await()时,当前线程会被挂起,直到thread2调用了condition.signalAll()方法之后,thread1才会重新被激活执行。
这里需要注意的是thread1调用Condition的await方法之后,thread1线程释放锁,然后马上加入到Condition的等待队列,由于thread1释放了锁,thread2获得锁并执行,thread2执行signalAll方法之后,Condition中的等待队列thread1被取出并加入到AQS中,接下来thread2执行完毕之后释放锁,由于thread1已经在AQS的等待队列中,所以thread1被唤醒,继续执行。
wait/notifyAll 方式
wait/notifyAll方式跟ReentrantLock/Condition方式的原理是一样的。
Java中每个对象都拥有一个内置锁,在内置锁中调用wait,notify方法相当于调用锁的Condition条件对象的await和signalAll方法。
使用wait/notifyAll实现上面的那个Condition例子:
-
public
class
WaitNotifyAllTest {
-
-
public synchronized void doWait() {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" wait for condition");
-
try {
-
this.wait();
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" continue");
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
-
-
public synchronized void doNotify() {
-
try {
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" sleep 5 secs");
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
this.notifyAll();
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
WaitNotifyAllTest waitNotifyAllTest =
new WaitNotifyAllTest();
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
waitNotifyAllTest.doWait();
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
waitNotifyAllTest.doNotify();
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
这里需要注意的是由于Condition是由锁创建的,所以调用wait/notifyAll方法的时候需要获得当前线程的锁,否则会发生IllegalMonitorStateException异常。
ThreadLocal
ThreadLocal是一种把变量放到线程本地的方式来实现线程同步的。
比如SimpleDateFormat不是一个线程安全的类,可以使用ThreadLocal实现同步。
-
public
class
ThreadLocalTest {
-
-
private
static ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> dateFormatThreadLocal =
new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>() {
-
@
Override
-
protected
SimpleDateFormat
initialValue
(
) {
-
return
new SimpleDateFormat(
"yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
-
}
-
};
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
Date date =
new Date();
-
System.
out.println(dateFormatThreadLocal.
get().format(date));
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
(
) {
-
Date date =
new Date();
-
System.
out.println(dateFormatThreadLocal.
get().format(date));
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
Semaphore信号量
Semaphore信号量被用于控制特定资源在同一个时间被访问的个数。类似连接池的概念,保证资源可以被合理的使用。可以使用构造器初始化资源个数:
-
public
class
SemaphoreTest {
-
-
private
static Semaphore semaphore =
new Semaphore(
2);
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
for(
int i =
0; i <
5; i ++) {
-
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
()
{
-
try {
-
semaphore.acquire();
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" " +
new Date());
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
semaphore.release();
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
}
-
}
-
}).start();
-
}
-
}
-
-
}
输出:
-
Thread-
1
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
03
:
46
CST
2016
-
Thread-
0
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
03
:
46
CST
2016
-
Thread-
3
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
03
:
51
CST
2016
-
Thread-
2
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
03
:
51
CST
2016
-
Thread-
4
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
03
:
56
CST
2016
并发包下的工具类
一般情况下,我们不会使用wait/notifyAll或者ReentrantLock这种比较底层的类,而是使用并发包下提供的一些工具类。
CountDownLatch
CountDownLatch是一个计数器,它的构造方法中需要设置一个数值,用来设定计数的次数。每次调用countDown()方法之后,这个计数器都会减去1,CountDownLatch会一直阻塞着调用await()方法的线程,直到计数器的值变为0。
-
public
class
CountDownLatchTest {
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
CountDownLatch countDownLatch =
new CountDownLatch(
5);
-
for(
int i =
0; i <
5; i ++) {
-
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
()
{
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" " +
new Date() +
" run");
-
try {
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
e.printStackTrace();
-
}
-
countDownLatch.countDown();
-
}
-
}).start();
-
}
-
try {
-
countDownLatch.
await();
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
e.printStackTrace();
-
}
-
System.
out.println(
"all thread over");
-
}
-
-
}
输出:
-
Thread-
2
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
18
:
30
CST
2016
run
-
Thread-
3
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
18
:
30
CST
2016
run
-
Thread-
4
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
18
:
30
CST
2016
run
-
Thread-
0
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
18
:
30
CST
2016
run
-
Thread-
1
Mon
Apr
18
18
:
18
:
30
CST
2016
run
-
all
thread
over
CyclicBarrier
CyclicBarrier阻塞调用的线程,直到条件满足时,阻塞的线程同时被打开。
调用await()方法的时候,这个线程就会被阻塞,当调用await()的线程数量到达屏障数的时候,主线程就会取消所有被阻塞线程的状态。
在CyclicBarrier的构造方法中,还可以设置一个barrierAction。
在所有的屏障都到达之后,会启动一个线程来运行这里面的代码。
-
public
class
CyclicBarrierTest {
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
Random random =
new Random();
-
CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier =
new CyclicBarrier(
5);
-
for(
int i =
0; i <
5; i ++) {
-
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@
Override
-
public
void
run
()
{
-
int secs = random.nextInt(
5);
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" " +
new Date() +
" run, sleep " + secs +
" secs");
-
try {
-
Thread.sleep(secs *
1000);
-
cyclicBarrier.
await();
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
e.printStackTrace();
-
}
catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
-
e.printStackTrace();
-
}
-
System.
out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" " +
new Date() +
" runs over");
-
}
-
}).start();
-
}
-
}
-
-
}
相比CountDownLatch,CyclicBarrier是可以被循环使用的,而且遇到线程中断等情况时,还可以利用reset()方法,重置计数器,从这些方面来说,CyclicBarrier会比CountDownLatch更加灵活一些。
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
AQS是很多同步工具类的基础,比如ReentrentLock里的公平锁和非公平锁,Semaphore里的公平锁和非公平锁,CountDownLatch里的锁等他们的底层都是使用AbstractQueuedSynchronizer完成的。
基于AbstractQueuedSynchronizer自定义实现一个独占锁:
-
public
class MySynchronizer extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
-
-
@Override
-
protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
-
if(compareAndSetState(
0,
1)) {
-
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
-
return
true;
-
}
-
return
false;
-
}
-
-
@Override
-
protected boolean tryRelease(int arg) {
-
setState(
0);
-
setExclusiveOwnerThread(
null);
-
return
true;
-
}
-
-
public void lock() {
-
acquire(
1);
-
}
-
-
public void unlock() {
-
release(
1);
-
}
-
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
MySynchronizer mySynchronizer =
new MySynchronizer();
-
Thread thread1 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@Override
-
public void run() {
-
mySynchronizer.lock();
-
try {
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" will sleep 5 secs");
-
try {
-
Thread.sleep(
5000l);
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" continue");
-
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
System.err.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" interrupted");
-
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-
}
-
}
finally {
-
mySynchronizer.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
});
-
Thread thread2 =
new Thread(
new Runnable() {
-
@Override
-
public void run() {
-
mySynchronizer.lock();
-
try {
-
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" run");
-
}
finally {
-
mySynchronizer.unlock();
-
}
-
}
-
});
-
thread1.start();
-
thread2.start();
-
}
-
-
}
MySynchronizer并没有实现可重入功能,只是简单的一个独占锁。