常用Linux命令：tar

常用Linux命令：tar

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-371.el5 #1 SMP Thu Sep 5 21:21:44 EDT 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

tar是一个打包工具，但是其有选项可以直接将这个“包”进行压缩，与gunzip类似。

命令总览：

tar cf myproject.tar myproject
tar xf myproject.tar

tar cvf myproject.tar myproject
tar xvf myproject.tar

tar zcf myproject.tar myproject
tar zxf myproject.tar

tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject --exclude myproject/log
(注意-- exclude myproject/log后没有/）

z指定与压缩有关；f指定文件；v是verbose，详细输出；x和c互斥，x是解包，c是打包…

打包要有c/x以及f即可，压缩就多带着z即可。

PS：其实我一般都不加v选项，刷屏的感觉…

目录结构：

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 4
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280 4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tree
.
`-- myproject
    |-- bin
    |   `-- binfile
    |-- etc
    |   `-- etcfile
    |-- lib
    |   `-- libfile
    |-- log
    |   `-- logfile
    `-- src
        `-- srcfile

6 directories, 5 files

1.

tar打包：

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar cvf myproject.tar myproject
myproject/
myproject/log/
myproject/log/logfile
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 16
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280  4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280 10240 07-02 09:38 myproject.tar

tar释放：

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 12
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280 10240 07-02 09:38 myproject.tar
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar xvf myproject.tar 
myproject/
myproject/log/
myproject/log/logfile
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 16
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280  4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280 10240 07-02 09:38 myproject.tar

2.

tar打包&&压缩：

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject
myproject/
myproject/log/
myproject/log/logfile
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 8
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280 4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280  284 07-02 09:42 myproject.tar.gz

tar释放&&解压缩：

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar zxvf myproject.tar.gz 
myproject/
myproject/log/
myproject/log/logfile
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 8
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280 4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280  284 07-02 09:42 myproject.tar.gz
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tree
.
|-- myproject
|   |-- bin
|   |   `-- binfile
|   |-- etc
|   |   `-- etcfile
|   |-- lib
|   |   `-- libfile
|   |-- log
|   |   `-- logfile
|   `-- src
|       `-- srcfile
`-- myproject.tar.gz

6 directories, 6 files

3.

我在工作中通常有这么一种情况：

现网的相关项目我需要把它取下来，但是由于现网业务很多，长时间未清理日志，所以在log目录下文件占用很大（可能有几十个G），So：

如何打包其他的目录而不包含某个目录？

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject --exclude myproject/log
myproject/
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 8
drwxrwxr-x 7 test1280 test1280 4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280  254 07-02 09:50 myproject.tar.gz

从v选项的verbose中可以看出确实没有将log目录打包压缩进myproject.tar.gz。

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar zxvf myproject.tar.gz 
myproject/
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/lib/
myproject/lib/libfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ ll
总计 8
drwxrwxr-x 6 test1280 test1280 4096 07-02 09:33 myproject
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1280 test1280  254 07-02 09:50 myproject.tar.gz
[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tree myproject
myproject
|-- bin
|   `-- binfile
|-- etc
|   `-- etcfile
|-- lib
|   `-- libfile
`-- src
    `-- srcfile

4 directories, 4 files

进一步证明：没有将log目录加进去。

如何exclude多个目录？

[test1280@localhost 20170702]$ tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject --exclude myproject/log --exclude myproject/lib
myproject/
myproject/etc/
myproject/etc/etcfile
myproject/src/
myproject/src/srcfile
myproject/bin/
myproject/bin/binfile

使用多次–exclude即可。

还有重要的一点需要说明：

tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject --exclude myproject/log

tar zcvf myproject.tar.gz myproject --exclude myproject/log/

两句话是不一样的，你可以试一下。

第一句可以达到我们想要的效果，第二句多了一个/，但是并没有真的exclude掉，还是在的，实际使用中注意下这点。

KEYS：

cf
xf
zcf
zxf
--exclude