Continuous Output - The sigmoid function（sigmoid函数）

Given Summed Input:

x = 

Instead of threshold, and fire/not fire,we could have continuous output y according to the sigmoid function:

Note e and its properties. As x goes to minus infinity, y goes to 0 (tends not to fire). As x goes to infinity, y goes to 1 (tends to fire): At x=0, y=1/2

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More threshold-like

We can make this more and more threshold-like, or step-like, by increasing the weights on the links, and so increasing the summed input:

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More linear

Q. How do we make it  less  step-like (more linear)?

For any non-zero w, no matter how close to 0, ς(wx) will eventually be asymptotic to the lines y=0 and y=1.

Is this linear? Let's change the scale:

This is exactly same function.

So it's not actually linear, but note that within the range -6 to 6 we can approximate a linear function with slope.If x will always be within that range then for all practical purposes we have linear output with slope.

Or try this:

Is this linear? Let's change the scale:

This is exactly same function.

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Approximation of Linear with slope

In practice, x will always be within  some  range. 
So we can always get, within that range, an  approximation  of many different linear functions with slope.

e.g. Given x will be from -30 to 30:

Approximation of any linear function so long as y stays in [0,1]

And centred on zero. To centre other than zero see below.

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Linear y=1/2

The only way we can make  ς (wx)  exactly  linear is to set w=0, then y = constant 1/2 for all x.

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Change sign

We can also, by changing the sign of the weights, make large positive actual input lead to large negative summed input and hence no fire, and large negative actual input lead to fire.

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Not centred on zero

This is of course a threshold-like function still centred on zero. To centre it on any threshold we use:

y =  ς(x-t)

where t is the threshold for this node. This threshold value is something that is learnt, along with the weights.

The "threshold" is now the centre point of the curve, rather than an all-or-nothing value.

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ς(ax+b)

General case: use  ς (ax+b)

Can we have linear output?

Can y be linear? Not if it has slope. Must stay between 0 and 1.

Can be linear constant y=c, c between 0 and 1. We already saw y=1/2. Can we have other y=c?

By setting a=0, y=ς(b) constant for all x By varying b, we can have constant output y=c for any c between 0 and 1.

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Reminder - differentiation rules

Product Rule:

d/dx (fg) = f (dg/dx) + g (df/dx)

Quotient Rule :

d/dx (f/g) = ( g (df/dx) - f (dg/dx) ) / g²

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Properties of the sigmoid function

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Max/min value of slope

Slope = y (1-y) 
The slope is greatest where? And least where?

To prove this, take the  next  derivative and look for where it equals 0:

d/dy ( y (1-y) ) = y (-1) + (1-y) 1 = -y + 1 -y = 1 - 2y = 0 for y = 1/2 This is a maximum. There is no minimum.

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Slope of ς(ax+b)

For the general case:

y =  ς(ax+b)

a positive or negative, fraction or multiple 
b positive or negative

y = ς(z) where z = ax+b 
dy/dx = dy/dz dz/dx 
= y(1-y) a 
if a positive, all slopes are positive, steepest slope (highest positive slope) is at y = 1/2 
if a negative, all slopes are negative, steepest slope (lowest negative slope) is at y = 1/2

i.e. Slope is different value, but still steepest at y = 1/2