HttpClient入门

最新推荐文章于 2020-09-15 09:59:51 发布

tiandesheng111

最新推荐文章于 2020-09-15 09:59:51 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/tiandesheng111/article/details/39737109

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1.HttpClient简介

HTTP协议可能是现在 Internet 上使用得最多、最重要的协议了，越来越多的 Java 应用程序需要直接通过 HTTP 协议来访问网络资源。虽然在 JDK 的 java.net 包中已经提供了访问 HTTP 协议的基本功能，但是对于大部分应用程序来说，JDK 库本身提供的功能还不够丰富和灵活。HttpClient 是 Apache Jakarta Common 下的子项目，用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包，并且它支持 HTTP 协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient 已经应用在很多的项目中，比如 Apache Jakarta 上很著名的另外两个开源项目 Cactus 和 HTMLUnit 都使用了 HttpClient，更多使用 HttpClient 的应用可以参见

2.HttpClient功能介绍

以下列出的是 HttpClient 提供的主要的功能，要知道更多详细的功能可以参见HttpClient 的主页。

实现了所有 HTTP 的方法（GET,POST,PUT,HEAD 等）
支持自动转向
支持 HTTPS 协议
支持代理服务器等

下面将逐一介绍怎样使用这些功能。首先，我们必须安装好 HttpClient。

HttpClient 可以在http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/httpclient/downloads.html下载
HttpClient 用到了 Apache Jakarta common 下的子项目 logging，你可以从这个地址http://jakarta.apache.org/site/downloads/downloads_commons-logging.cgi下载到 common logging，从下载后的压缩包中取出 commons-logging.jar 加到 CLASSPATH 中
HttpClient 用到了 Apache Jakarta common 下的子项目 codec，你可以从这个地址http://jakarta.apache.org/site/downloads/downloads_commons-codec.cgi 下载到最新的 common codec，从下载后的压缩包中取出 commons-codec-1.x.jar 加到 CLASSPATH 中

HttpClient基本功能的使用

Get方法

使用 HttpClient 需要以下 6 个步骤：

1. 创建 HttpClient 的实例

2. 创建某种连接方法的实例，在这里是 GetMethod。在 GetMethod 的构造函数中传入待连接的地址

3. 调用第一步中创建好的实例的 execute 方法来执行第二步中创建好的 method 实例

4. 读 response

5. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功，都必须释放连接

6. 对得到后的内容进行处理

根据以上步骤，我们来编写用GET方法来取得某网页内容的代码。

1.大部分情况下 HttpClient 默认的构造函数

HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();

2.创建GET方法的实例,

在GET方法的构造函数中传入待连接的地址即可,用GetMethod将会自动处理转发过程，如果想要把自动处理转发过程去掉的话，可以调用方法setFollowRedirects(false)。
GetMethod getMethod = new GetMethod("http://www.hust.edu.com");

3.调用实例httpClient的executeMethod方法来执行getMethod。由于是执行在网络上的程序，在运行executeMethod方法的时候，需要处理两个异常，分别是HttpException和IO Exception。引起第一种异常的原因主要可能是在构造getMethod的时候传入的协议不对，比如不小心将"http"写成"htp"，或者服务器端返回的内容不正常等，并且该异常发生是不可恢复的；第二种异常一般是由于网络原因引起的异常，对于这种异常（IOException），HttpClient会根据你指定的恢复策略自动试着重新执行executeMethod方法。Http Client的恢复策略可以自定义（通过实现接口HttpMethodRetryHandler的类来实现）。通过httpClient的方法setParameter设置你实现的恢复策略，本文中使用的是系统提供的默认恢复策略，该策略在碰到第二类异常的时候将自动重试3次。executeMethod返回值是一个整数，表示了执行该方法后服务器返回的状态码，该状态码能表示出该方法执行是否成功、需要认证或者页面发生了跳转（默认状态下GetMethod的实例是自动处理跳转的）等.

//设置成了默认的恢复策略，在发生异常时候将自动重试3次，在这里你也可以设置成自定义的恢复策略
getMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER, new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler()); 
//执行getMethod
int statusCode = client.executeMethod(getMethod);
if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
  System.err.println("Method failed: " + getMethod.getStatusLine());
}

4.在返回的状态码正确后，即可取得内容

取得目标地址的内容有三种方法：第一种，getResponseBody，该方法返回的是目标的二进制的byte流；第二种，getResponseBodyAsString，这个方法返回的是String类型，值得注意的是该方法返回的String的编码是根据系统默认的编码方式，所以返回的String值可能编码类型有误，在本文的"字符编码"部分中将对此做详细介绍；第三种， getResponseBodyAsStream，这个方法对于目标地址中有大量数据需要传输是最佳的。在这里我们使用了最简单的getResponseBody方法。

byte[] responseBody = method.getResponseBody();
5.释放连接

注意：无论执行方法是否成功，都必须释放连接

method.releaseConnection();
6.处理内容，在这一步中根据你的需要处理内容。

System.out.println(new String(responseBody));

下面是一段完整的程序：

<pre name="code" class="java">package com.tds.commons;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.commons.httpclient.DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpStatus;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.params.HttpMethodParams;

/**
 * http get方式
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class HttpGetTest {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 构造HttpClient的实例
		HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();  //3.1版本
		// 创建GET方法的实例
		GetMethod getMethod = new GetMethod("http://www.hust.edu.com");
		// 使用系统提供的默认的恢复策略
		getMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER, new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler());
		try {
			// 执行getMethod
			int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(getMethod);
			if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
				System.err.println("Method failed: " + getMethod.getStatusLine());
			}
			// 读取内容
			byte[] responseBody = getMethod.getResponseBody();
			// 处理内容
			System.out.println(new String(responseBody));
		} catch (HttpException e) {
			// 发生致命的异常，可能是协议不对或者返回的内容有问题
			System.out.println("Please check your provided http address!");
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// 发生网络异常
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			// 释放连接
			getMethod.releaseConnection();
		}
	}
}

打印的结果如下：

<!DOCTYPE html ><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" dir="ltr"
  xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
  xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#"
  xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
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<meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.hust.edu.com/home" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="http://www.hust.edu.com/home" />
<meta name="description" content="edu.com is our one-stop guide to universities, colleges, online courses and online degrees. Get started today!" />
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因为www.hust.edu.cn这个域名，在实际访问的过程中，重定向到www.hust.edu.cn/home这个域名，pos请求方式不会自动重定向，需要根据返回值进行判断

改进Post方式的的代码如下：

<pre name="code" class="java">package com.tds.commons;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.commons.httpclient.DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.Header;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpStatus;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.params.HttpMethodParams;

/**
 * http post方式
 * 
 * @author Administrator
 * 
 */
public class HttpPostTest {

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		// 构造HttpClient的实例
		HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient(); // 3.1版本
		// 创建post方法的实例
		PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod("http://www.hust.edu.com");
		// 使用系统提供的默认的恢复策略
		postMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER, new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler());
		try {
			// 执行postMethod
			int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
			if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
				System.err.println("Method failed: " + postMethod.getStatusLine());
				if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY) {
					// 从头中取出转向的地址
					Header locationHeader = postMethod.getResponseHeader("location");
					String location = null;
					if (locationHeader != null) {
						location = locationHeader.getValue();
						System.out.println("The page was redirected to:" + location);
						// 	先释放
						postMethod.releaseConnection();
						postMethod = new PostMethod(location);
						statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
						if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
							System.out.println(postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString());
						}
					} else {
						System.err.println("Location field value is null.");
					}
					postMethod.releaseConnection();
					return;
				}
			}
			// 读取内容
			byte[] responseBody = postMethod.getResponseBody();
			// 处理内容
			System.out.println(new String(responseBody));
		} catch (HttpException e) {
			// 发生致命的异常，可能是协议不对或者返回的内容有问题
			System.out.println("Please check your provided http address!");
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// 发生网络异常
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			// 释放连接
			postMethod.releaseConnection();
		}
	}
}

从运行的结果可以看，只有这样，才能和Head方式返回的结果一样

其实的请求方法如 HEAD PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT OPTIONS 用法也差不多，有兴趣可以自己试着去做一下相关的实验

tiandesheng111

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