(此节内容对应NEHE教程第17课)
前面2节所创建的字体。都是需要结合OS
假如某OS不能创建字体,那么如何显示出文字呢。这就需要采用图像文字的方式。
其实原理很简单,每个字符对应都是一个四边形,我们对这个四边形进行纹理贴图(贴图内容为字符),每次输出字符的时候的,等于找到对应的纹理图形 显示出来即可,为了提高性能,我们将使用显示列表
#include "header.h"" HDC hDC=NULL; // Private GDI Device Context HGLRC hRC=NULL; // Permanent Rendering Context HWND hWnd=NULL; // Holds Our Window Handle HINSTANCE hInstance; // Holds The Instance Of The Application bool keys[256]; // Array Used For The Keyboard Routine bool active=TRUE; // Window Active Flag Set To TRUE By Default bool fullscreen=TRUE; // Fullscreen Flag Set To Fullscreen Mode By Default GLuint base; // Base Display List For The Font GLuint texture[2]; // Storage For Our Font Texture GLuint loop; // Generic Loop Variable GLfloat cnt1; // 1st Counter Used To Move Text & For Coloring GLfloat cnt2; // 2nd Counter Used To Move Text & For Coloring LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); // Declaration For WndProc AUX_RGBImageRec *LoadBMP(char *Filename) // Loads A Bitmap Image { FILE *File=NULL; // File Handle if (!Filename) // Make Sure A Filename Was Given { return NULL; // If Not Return NULL } File=fopen(Filename,"r"); // Check To See If The File Exists if (File) // Does The File Exist? { fclose(File); // Close The Handle return auxDIBImageLoad(Filename); // Load The Bitmap And Return A Pointer } return NULL; // If Load Failed Return NULL } int LoadGLTextures() // Load Bitmaps And Convert To Textures { int Status=FALSE; // Status Indicator AUX_RGBImageRec *TextureImage[2]; // Create Storage Space For The Textures memset(TextureImage,0,sizeof(void *)*2); // Set The Pointer To NULL if ((TextureImage[0]=LoadBMP("Data/Font.bmp")) && (TextureImage[1]=LoadBMP("Data/Bumps.bmp"))) { Status=TRUE; // Set The Status To TRUE glGenTextures(2, &texture[0]); // Create Two Texture for (loop=0; loop<2; loop++) { glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[loop]); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, TextureImage[loop]->sizeX, TextureImage[loop]->sizeY, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, TextureImage[loop]->data); } } for (loop=0; loop<2; loop++) { if (TextureImage[loop]) // If Texture Exists { if (TextureImage[loop]->data) // If Texture Image Exists { free(TextureImage[loop]->data); // Free The Texture Image Memory } free(TextureImage[loop]); // Free The Image Structure } } return Status; // Return The Status } GLvoid BuildFont(GLvoid) // Build Our Font Display List { float cx; // Holds Our X Character Coord float cy; // Holds Our Y Character Coord base=glGenLists(256); // Creating 256 Display Lists glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); // Select Our Font Texture for (loop=0; loop<256; loop++) // Loop Through All 256 Lists { cx=float(loop%16)/16.0f; // X Position Of Current Character cy=float(loop/16)/16.0f; // Y Position Of Current Character glNewList(base+loop,GL_COMPILE); // Start Building A List glBegin(GL_QUADS); // Use A Quad For Each Character glTexCoord2f(cx,1-cy-0.0625f); // Texture Coord (Bottom Left) glVertex2i(0,0); // Vertex Coord (Bottom Left) glTexCoord2f(cx+0.0625f,1-cy-0.0625f); // Texture Coord (Bottom Right) glVertex2i(16,0); // Vertex Coord (Bottom Right) glTexCoord2f(cx+0.0625f,1-cy); // Texture Coord (Top Right) glVertex2i(16,16); // Vertex Coord (Top Right) glTexCoord2f(cx,1-cy); // Texture Coord (Top Left) glVertex2i(0,16); // Vertex Coord (Top Left) glEnd(); // Done Building Our Quad (Character) glTranslated(10,0,0); // Move To The Right Of The Character glEndList(); // Done Building The Display List } // Loop Until All 256 Are Built } GLvoid KillFont(GLvoid) // Delete The Font From Memory { glDeleteLists(base,256); // Delete All 256 Display Lists } GLvoid glPrint(GLint x, GLint y, char *string, int set) // Where The Printing Happens { if (set>1) { set=1; } glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); // Select Our Font Texture glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // Disables Depth Testing glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // Select The Projection Matrix glPushMatrix(); // Store The Projection Matrix glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Projection Matrix glOrtho(0,640,0,480,-1,1); // Set Up An Ortho Screen glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // Select The Modelview Matrix glPushMatrix(); // Store The Modelview Matrix glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Modelview Matrix glTranslated(x,y,0); // Position The Text (0,0 - Bottom Left) glListBase(base-32+(128*set)); // Choose The Font Set (0 or 1) glCallLists(strlen(string),GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,string);// Write The Text To The Screen glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // Select The Projection Matrix glPopMatrix(); // Restore The Old Projection Matrix glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // Select The Modelview Matrix glPopMatrix(); // Restore The Old Projection Matrix glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // Enables Depth Testing } GLvoid ReSizeGLScene(GLsizei width, GLsizei height) // Resize And Initialize The GL Window { if (height==0) // Prevent A Divide By Zero By { height=1; // Making Height Equal One } glViewport(0,0,width,height); // Reset The Current Viewport glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // Select The Projection Matrix glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Projection Matrix gluPerspective(45.0f,(GLfloat)width/(GLfloat)height,0.1f,100.0f); // Calculate Window Aspect Ratio glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // Select The Modelview Matrix glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Modelview Matrix } int InitGL(GLvoid) // All Setup For OpenGL Goes Here { if (!LoadGLTextures()) // Jump To Texture Loading Routine { return FALSE; // If Texture Didn't Load Return FALSE } BuildFont(); // Build The Font glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); // Clear The Background Color To Black glClearDepth(1.0); // Enables Clearing Of The Depth Buffer glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); // The Type Of Depth Test To Do glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA,GL_ONE); // Select The Type Of Blending glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); // Enables Smooth Color Shading glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); // Enable 2D Texture Mapping return TRUE; // Initialization Went OK } int DrawGLScene(GLvoid) // Here's Where We Do All The Drawing { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear The Screen And The Depth Buffer glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Modelview Matrix glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); // Select Our Second Texture glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-5.0f); // Move Into The Screen 5 Units glRotatef(45.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Rotate On The Z Axis 45 Degrees (Clockwise) glRotatef(cnt1*30.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Rotate On The X & Y Axis By cnt1 (Left To Right) glDisable(GL_BLEND); // Disable Blending Before We Draw In 3D glColor3f(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f); // Bright White glBegin(GL_QUADS); // Draw Our First Texture Mapped Quad glTexCoord2d(0.0f,0.0f); // First Texture Coord glVertex2f(-1.0f, 1.0f); // First Vertex glTexCoord2d(1.0f,0.0f); // Second Texture Coord glVertex2f( 1.0f, 1.0f); // Second Vertex glTexCoord2d(1.0f,1.0f); // Third Texture Coord glVertex2f( 1.0f,-1.0f); // Third Vertex glTexCoord2d(0.0f,1.0f); // Fourth Texture Coord glVertex2f(-1.0f,-1.0f); // Fourth Vertex glEnd(); // Done Drawing The First Quad glRotatef(90.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Rotate On The X & Y Axis By 90 Degrees (Left To Right) glBegin(GL_QUADS); // Draw Our Second Texture Mapped Quad glTexCoord2d(0.0f,0.0f); // First Texture Coord glVertex2f(-1.0f, 1.0f); // First Vertex glTexCoord2d(1.0f,0.0f); // Second Texture Coord glVertex2f( 1.0f, 1.0f); // Second Vertex glTexCoord2d(1.0f,1.0f); // Third Texture Coord glVertex2f( 1.0f,-1.0f); // Third Vertex glTexCoord2d(0.0f,1.0f); // Fourth Texture Coord glVertex2f(-1.0f,-1.0f); // Fourth Vertex glEnd(); // Done Drawing Our Second Quad glEnable(GL_BLEND); // Enable Blending glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The View // Pulsing Colors Based On Text Position glColor3f(1.0f*float(cos(cnt1)),1.0f*float(sin(cnt2)),1.0f-0.5f*float(cos(cnt1+cnt2))); glPrint(int((280+250*cos(cnt1))),int(235+200*sin(cnt2)),"NeHe",0); // Print GL Text To The Screen glColor3f(1.0f*float(sin(cnt2)),1.0f-0.5f*float(cos(cnt1+cnt2)),1.0f*float(cos(cnt1))); glPrint(int((280+230*cos(cnt2))),int(235+200*sin(cnt1)),"OpenGL",1); // Print GL Text To The Screen glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Set Color To Blue glPrint(int(240+200*cos((cnt2+cnt1)/5)),2,"Giuseppe D'Agata",0); glColor3f(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f); // Set Color To White glPrint(int(242+200*cos((cnt2+cnt1)/5)),2,"Giuseppe D'Agata",0); cnt1+=0.01f; // Increase The First Counter cnt2+=0.0081f; // Increase The Second Counter return TRUE; // Everything Went OK } GLvoid KillGLWindow(GLvoid) // Properly Kill The Window { if (fullscreen) // Are We In Fullscreen Mode? { ChangeDisplaySettings(NULL,0); // If So Switch Back To The Desktop ShowCursor(TRUE); // Show Mouse Pointer } if (hRC) // Do We Have A Rendering Context? { if (!wglMakeCurrent(NULL,NULL)) // Are We Able To Release The DC And RC Contexts? { MessageBox(NULL,"Release Of DC And RC Failed.","SHUTDOWN ERROR",MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION); } if (!wglDeleteContext(hRC)) // Are We Able To Delete The RC? { MessageBox(NULL,"Release Rendering Context Failed.","SHUTDOWN ERROR",MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION); } hRC=NULL; // Set RC To NULL } if (hDC && !ReleaseDC(hWnd,hDC)) // Are We Able To Release The DC { MessageBox(NULL,"Release Device Context Failed.","SHUTDOWN ERROR",MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION); hDC=NULL; // Set DC To NULL } if (hWnd && !DestroyWindow(hWnd)) // Are We Able To Destroy The Window? { MessageBox(NULL,"Could Not Release hWnd.","SHUTDOWN ERROR",MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION); hWnd=NULL; // Set hWnd To NULL } if (!UnregisterClass("OpenGL",hInstance)) // Are We Able To Unregister Class { MessageBox(NULL,"Could Not Unregister Class.","SHUTDOWN ERROR",MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION); hInstance=NULL; // Set hInstance To NULL } KillFont(); // Kill The Font } /* This Code Creates Our OpenGL Window. Parameters Are: * * title - Title To Appear At The Top Of The Window * * width - Width Of The GL Window Or Fullscreen Mode * * height - Height Of The GL Window Or Fullscreen Mode * * bits - Number Of Bits To Use For Color (8/16/24/32) * * fullscreenflag - Use Fullscreen Mode (TRUE) Or Windowed Mode (FALSE) */ BOOL CreateGLWindow(char* title, int width, int height, int bits, bool fullscreenflag) { GLuint PixelFormat; // Holds The Results After Searching For A Match WNDCLASS wc; // Windows Class Structure DWORD dwExStyle; // Window Extended Style DWORD dwStyle; // Window Style RECT WindowRect; // Grabs Rectangle Upper Left / Lower Right Values WindowRect.left=(long)0; // Set Left Value To 0 WindowRect.right=(long)width; // Set Right Value To Requested Width WindowRect.top=(long)0; // Set Top Value To 0 WindowRect.bottom=(long)height; // Set Bottom Value To Requested Height fullscreen=fullscreenflag; // Set The Global Fullscreen Flag hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL); // Grab An Instance For Our Window wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC; // Redraw On Size, And Own DC For Window. wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC) WndProc; // WndProc Handles Messages wc.cbClsExtra = 0; // No Extra Window Data wc.cbWndExtra = 0; // No Extra Window Data wc.hInstance = hInstance; // Set The Instance wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO); // Load The Default Icon wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); // Load The Arrow Pointer wc.hbrBackground = NULL; // No Background Required For GL wc.lpszMenuName = NULL; // We Don't Want A Menu wc.lpszClassName = "OpenGL"; // Set The Class Name if (!RegisterClass(&wc)) // Attempt To Register The Window Class { MessageBox(NULL,"Failed To Register The Window Class.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } if (fullscreen) // Attempt Fullscreen Mode? { DEVMODE dmScreenSettings; // Device Mode memset(&dmScreenSettings,0,sizeof(dmScreenSettings)); // Makes Sure Memory's Cleared dmScreenSettings.dmSize=sizeof(dmScreenSettings); // Size Of The Devmode Structure dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = width; // Selected Screen Width dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = height; // Selected Screen Height dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = bits; // Selected Bits Per Pixel dmScreenSettings.dmFields=DM_BITSPERPEL|DM_PELSWIDTH|DM_PELSHEIGHT; // Try To Set Selected Mode And Get Results. NOTE: CDS_FULLSCREEN Gets Rid Of Start Bar. if (ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings,CDS_FULLSCREEN)!=DISP_CHANGE_SUCCESSFUL) { // If The Mode Fails, Offer Two Options. Quit Or Use Windowed Mode. if (MessageBox(NULL,"The Requested Fullscreen Mode Is Not Supported By\nYour Video Card. Use Windowed Mode Instead?","NeHe GL",MB_YESNO|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION)==IDYES) { fullscreen=FALSE; // Windowed Mode Selected. Fullscreen = FALSE } else { // Pop Up A Message Box Letting User Know The Program Is Closing. MessageBox(NULL,"Program Will Now Close.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONSTOP); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } } } if (fullscreen) // Are We Still In Fullscreen Mode? { dwExStyle=WS_EX_APPWINDOW; // Window Extended Style dwStyle=WS_POPUP; // Windows Style ShowCursor(FALSE); // Hide Mouse Pointer } else { dwExStyle=WS_EX_APPWINDOW | WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE; // Window Extended Style dwStyle=WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW; // Windows Style } AdjustWindowRectEx(&WindowRect, dwStyle, FALSE, dwExStyle); // Adjust Window To True Requested Size // Create The Window if (!(hWnd=CreateWindowEx( dwExStyle, // Extended Style For The Window "OpenGL", // Class Name title, // Window Title dwStyle | // Defined Window Style WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | // Required Window Style WS_CLIPCHILDREN, // Required Window Style 0, 0, // Window Position WindowRect.right-WindowRect.left, // Calculate Window Width WindowRect.bottom-WindowRect.top, // Calculate Window Height NULL, // No Parent Window NULL, // No Menu hInstance, // Instance NULL))) // Dont Pass Anything To WM_CREATE { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Window Creation Error.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } static PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd= // pfd Tells Windows How We Want Things To Be { sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR), // Size Of This Pixel Format Descriptor 1, // Version Number PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | // Format Must Support Window PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | // Format Must Support OpenGL PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER, // Must Support Double Buffering PFD_TYPE_RGBA, // Request An RGBA Format bits, // Select Our Color Depth 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Color Bits Ignored 0, // No Alpha Buffer 0, // Shift Bit Ignored 0, // No Accumulation Buffer 0, 0, 0, 0, // Accumulation Bits Ignored 16, // 16Bit Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer) 0, // No Stencil Buffer 0, // No Auxiliary Buffer PFD_MAIN_PLANE, // Main Drawing Layer 0, // Reserved 0, 0, 0 // Layer Masks Ignored }; if (!(hDC=GetDC(hWnd))) // Did We Get A Device Context? { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Can't Create A GL Device Context.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } if (!(PixelFormat=ChoosePixelFormat(hDC,&pfd))) // Did Windows Find A Matching Pixel Format? { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Can't Find A Suitable PixelFormat.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } if(!SetPixelFormat(hDC,PixelFormat,&pfd)) // Are We Able To Set The Pixel Format? { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Can't Set The PixelFormat.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } if (!(hRC=wglCreateContext(hDC))) // Are We Able To Get A Rendering Context? { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Can't Create A GL Rendering Context.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } if(!wglMakeCurrent(hDC,hRC)) // Try To Activate The Rendering Context { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Can't Activate The GL Rendering Context.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } ShowWindow(hWnd,SW_SHOW); // Show The Window SetForegroundWindow(hWnd); // Slightly Higher Priority SetFocus(hWnd); // Sets Keyboard Focus To The Window ReSizeGLScene(width, height); // Set Up Our Perspective GL Screen if (!InitGL()) // Initialize Our Newly Created GL Window { KillGLWindow(); // Reset The Display MessageBox(NULL,"Initialization Failed.","ERROR",MB_OK|MB_ICONEXCLAMATION); return FALSE; // Return FALSE } return TRUE; // Success } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd, // Handle For This Window UINT uMsg, // Message For This Window WPARAM wParam, // Additional Message Information LPARAM lParam) // Additional Message Information { switch (uMsg) // Check For Windows Messages { case WM_ACTIVATE: // Watch For Window Activate Message { if (!HIWORD(wParam)) // Check Minimization State { active=TRUE; // Program Is Active } else { active=FALSE; // Program Is No Longer Active } return 0; // Return To The Message Loop } case WM_SYSCOMMAND: // Intercept System Commands { switch (wParam) // Check System Calls { case SC_SCREENSAVE: // Screensaver Trying To Start? case SC_MONITORPOWER: // Monitor Trying To Enter Powersave? return 0; // Prevent From Happening } break; // Exit } case WM_CLOSE: // Did We Receive A Close Message? { PostQuitMessage(0); // Send A Quit Message return 0; // Jump Back } case WM_KEYDOWN: // Is A Key Being Held Down? { keys[wParam] = TRUE; // If So, Mark It As TRUE return 0; // Jump Back } case WM_KEYUP: // Has A Key Been Released? { keys[wParam] = FALSE; // If So, Mark It As FALSE return 0; // Jump Back } case WM_SIZE: // Resize The OpenGL Window { ReSizeGLScene(LOWORD(lParam),HIWORD(lParam)); // LoWord=Width, HiWord=Height return 0; // Jump Back } } // Pass All Unhandled Messages To DefWindowProc return DefWindowProc(hWnd,uMsg,wParam,lParam); } int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, // Instance HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, // Previous Instance LPSTR lpCmdLine, // Command Line Parameters int nCmdShow) // Window Show State { MSG msg; // Windows Message Structure BOOL done=FALSE; // Bool Variable To Exit Loop // Ask The User Which Screen Mode They Prefer if (MessageBox(NULL,"Would You Like To Run In Fullscreen Mode?", "Start FullScreen?",MB_YESNO|MB_ICONQUESTION)==IDNO) { fullscreen=FALSE; // Windowed Mode } // Create Our OpenGL Window if (!CreateGLWindow("NeHe & Giuseppe D'Agata's 2D Font Tutorial",640,480,16,fullscreen)) { return 0; // Quit If Window Was Not Created } while(!done) // Loop That Runs While done=FALSE { if (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_REMOVE)) // Is There A Message Waiting? { if (msg.message==WM_QUIT) // Have We Received A Quit Message? { done=TRUE; // If So done=TRUE } else // If Not, Deal With Window Messages { TranslateMessage(&msg); // Translate The Message DispatchMessage(&msg); // Dispatch The Message } } else // If There Are No Messages { // Draw The Scene. Watch For ESC Key And Quit Messages From DrawGLScene() if ((active && !DrawGLScene()) || keys[VK_ESCAPE]) // Active? Was There A Quit Received? { done=TRUE; // ESC or DrawGLScene Signalled A Quit } else // Not Time To Quit, Update Screen { SwapBuffers(hDC); // Swap Buffers (Double Buffering) } if (keys[VK_F1]) // Is F1 Being Pressed? { keys[VK_F1]=FALSE; // If So Make Key FALSE KillGLWindow(); // Kill Our Current Window fullscreen=!fullscreen; // Toggle Fullscreen / Windowed Mode // Recreate Our OpenGL Window if (!CreateGLWindow("NeHe & Giuseppe D'Agata's 2D Font Tutorial",640,480,16,fullscreen)) { return 0; // Quit If Window Was Not Created } } } } // Shutdown KillGLWindow(); // Kill The Window return (msg.wParam); // Exit The Program }