一、什么是I/O
输入/输出是主存和外部设备之间拷贝数据的过程
- 设备->内存(输入操作)
- 内存->设备(输出操作)
高级I/O:ANSI C提供的标准I/O库称为高级I/O,通常也称为带缓冲的I/O
低级I/O:通常也称为不带缓冲的I/O
二、文件描述符
- 对于Linux而言,所有对设备或文件的操作都是通过文件描述符进行的。
- 当打开或者创建一个文件的时候,内核向进程返回一个文件描述符(非负整数)。后续对文件的操作只需通过该文件描述符,内核记录有关这个打开文件的信息。
- 一个进程启动时,默认打开了3个文件,标准输入、标准输出、标准错误,对应文件描述符是0(STDIN_FILENO)、1(STDOUT_FILENO)、2(STDERR_FILENO),这些常量定义在unistd.h头文件中。
三、文件描述符和文件指针转换
- fileno:将文件指针转换为文件描述符
- fdopen:将文件描述符转换为文件指针
示例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("fileno(stdin) = %d\n",fileno(stdin));
return 0;
}
三、文件系统调用
(1)、open系统调用
函数原型:
int open(const char *pathname, int flags);
int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
pathname:文件名(相对或者绝对路径)
flags:打开方式(读写)
mode:创建权限
O_APPEND
O_ASYNC
O_ASYNC
O_CLOEXEC
O_EXCL
O_NONBLOCK
O_NDELAY
mode参数:
S_IRWXU 00700 user (file owner) has read, write and execute permission
S_IRUSR 00400 user has read permission
S_IWUSR 00200 user has write permission
S_IXUSR 00100 user has execute permission
S_IRWXG 00070 group has read, write and execute permission
S_IRGRP 00040 group has read permission
S_IWGRP 00020 group has write permission
S_IXGRP 00010 group has execute permission
S_IRWXO 00007 others have read, write and execute permission
S_IROTH 00004 others have read permission
S_IWOTH 00002 others have write permission
S_IXOTH 00001 others have execute permission
S_IRUSR 00400 user has read permission
S_IWUSR 00200 user has write permission
S_IXUSR 00100 user has execute permission
S_IRWXG 00070 group has read, write and execute permission
S_IRGRP 00040 group has read permission
S_IWGRP 00020 group has write permission
S_IXGRP 00010 group has execute permission
S_IRWXO 00007 others have read, write and execute permission
S_IROTH 00004 others have read permission
S_IWOTH 00002 others have write permission
S_IXOTH 00001 others have execute permission
(2)、close系统调用
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int fd);
示例:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define ERR_EXIT(m) \//宏要求是一条语句,do while逻辑上是一条语句
do \
{ \
perror(m); \
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
}while(0)
int main()
{
umask(0);
int fd;
fd = open("aa.txt",O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL,0655);
if (fd == -1)
ERR_EXIT("open error");
printf("open succ\n");
close(fd);
return 0;
}
查看能打开最大描述符的个数:
ulimit -n
查看系统最多能打开文件的格式:cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max