原型模式用于复制对象,需要实现Cloneable接口,重写Object类中的clone()。
对于一个对象x来说,复制一般是要达到以下效果,虽然不是强制的:
1. x.clone != x 为true
2. x.clone.getClass() == x.getClass() 为true
3. x.clone.equals(x) 为true
通常重写clone()是重写成调用super.clone(),如果一个类及其所有父类都有符合这个标准,则x.clone.getClass() == x.getClass()是成立的。
如果要实现equals()为true,则要重写equals()自行实现逻辑比较。
如果一个类只包含基本数据类型或者对于不可变对象的引用,则只需直接返回super.clone()的对象即可。
但是如果这个类包含了可变对象,如果只是单纯复制一层,则只会复制可变对象的引用,实际指向的还是同一个可变对象。所以需要对可变对象进行复制,然后获取到复制后对象的引用,才能实现深层复制。
既然调用了super.clone(),则需要把Object类的clone()所进行的操作弄清楚。Object.clone()首先会检查这个类是否实现了Cloneable接口,如果没有就会抛出CloneNotSupportedException。
所有的数组默认都实现了Cloneable接口,对于一个任意类型数组T[],它的clone方法返回就是T[]。
检查实现了Cloneable接口之后,这个方法会创建这个类的新实例,然后以所复制对象的对应字段值来初始化新实例,就好像是正常赋值一样。注意这里并没有把字段本身也复制了,即如果是对象的话只复制引用,所以Object.clone()默认只是浅复制。
Object类本身并没有实现Cloneable接口,本身clone()也是protected。如果子类没有实现Cloneable接口,就重写clone()权限并调用,会抛出异常。
浅复制
目标类:
public class Student implements Cloneable {
private String name;
private int age;
public Student(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public Student clone() {
try {
return (Student) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (!(obj instanceof Student)) {
return false;
}
Student counterPart = (Student) obj;
return name.equals(counterPart.name) && age == counterPart.age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "name = " + name + ", age = " + age;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
测试类:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student tim = new Student("Tim", 26);
Student timClone = tim.clone();
System.out.println(tim == timClone);
System.out.println(tim.getClass() == timClone.getClass());
System.out.println(tim.equals(timClone));
tim.setAge(10);
System.out.println(tim);
System.out.println(timClone);
}
}
输出:
false
true
true
name = Tim, age = 10
name = Tim, age = 26
深复制
如果所复制对象包含可变对象引用,则浅复制只能复制其引用,如果所引用的对象发生改变,则复制得到对象的对应可变对象也会发生改变,指向的是同一片内存,这种情况下就需要深复制。
深复制的实现是通过可变对象也实现Cloneable接口,重写clone()。然后得到外层复制对象后,对其可变对象进行再次复制。
下面给Student添加一个Subject对象字段以说明过程:
目标类:
public class Student implements Cloneable {
private String name;
private int age;
private Subject subject;
public Student(String name, int age, Subject subject) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.subject = subject;
}
@Override
public Student clone() {
try {
Student student = (Student) super.clone();
student.setSubject(subject.clone());
return student;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (!(obj instanceof Student)) {
return false;
}
Student counterPart = (Student) obj;
return name.equals(counterPart.name) && age == counterPart.age && subject.equals(counterPart.subject);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "name = " + name + ", age = " + age + ", subject = " + subject;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Subject getSubject() {
return subject;
}
public void setSubject(Subject subject) {
this.subject = subject;
}
}
目标类所包含的可变字段类:
public class Subject implements Cloneable {
String name;
public Subject(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public Subject clone() {
try {
return (Subject) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if(obj == null){
return false;
}
if(!(obj instanceof Subject)){
return false;
}
Subject counterPart = (Subject)obj;
return this.name.equals(counterPart.name);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
测试类:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Subject subject = new Subject("Math");
Student tim = new Student("Tim", 26, subject);
Student timClone = tim.clone();
System.out.println(tim == timClone);
System.out.println(tim.getClass() == timClone.getClass());
System.out.println(tim.equals(timClone));
tim.setAge(10);
subject.setName("English");
System.out.println(tim);
System.out.println(timClone);
}
}
输出:
false
true
true
name = Tim, age = 10, subject = English
name = Tim, age = 26, subject = Math