1. 过滤器概述：
Servlet过滤器是客户端与目标资源间的中间层组件，用于拦截客户端的请求与响应信息。当Web容器接收到一个客户端的请求时，将判断些请求是否与过滤器对象相关联，如果相关联，则将这一请求交给过滤器进行处理。在处理过程中，过滤器可以对请求进行操作，如更改请求中的信息数据。在过滤器处理完成之后，再将这一请求交给其他业务进行处理。当所有业务处理完成，需要对客户端进行响应时，窗口又将响应交给过滤器进行处理。如字符编码过滤器、身份验证过滤器等。
过滤器工作原理图
2. 过滤器简单应用举例--字符编码过滤器
（1）创建字符编码过滤器类CharacterEncodingFilter。
package com.xqh.filter;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
public class CharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter{
private String encoding = null;
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private FilterConfig filterConfig = null;
@Override
public void destroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//释放资源
this.encoding = null;
this.filterConfig = null;
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,
FilterChain filterConfig) throws IOException, ServletException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if (encoding != null) {
// 设置request字符编码
request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);
// 设置response字符编码
response.setContentType("text/html;charset="+encoding);
}
// 传递给下个过滤器
filterConfig.doFilter(request, response);
}
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
this.filterConfig = filterConfig;
this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding");
}
}
（2）在web.xml文件中，对过滤器进行配置。
<filter>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.xqh.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>GBK</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
<!-- 设置过滤对应的请求方式 -->
<dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
<dispatcher>FORWARD</dispatcher>
</filter-mapping>（3）通过请求对过滤器进行验证。本例使用表单向Serlvet发送中文信息进行测试，其中表单信息放置在index.jsp页面中。
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="GBK"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>过滤器测试</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
<form action="MyServlet" method="post">
<p>
请输入您的名字：
<input type="text" name="name"/>
<input type="submit" value="提交"/>
</p>
</form>
</body>
</html>
（4）这一请求由Serlvet对象MyServlet类进行处理，此类使用doPost()方法接收表单的请求，并将表单中的name属性输出到页面中。
package com.xqh.filter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
/**
* The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
*
* This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
*
* @param request the request send by the client to the server
* @param response the response send by the server to the client
* @throws ServletException if an error occurred
* @throws IOException if an error occurred
*/
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String name = request.getParameter("name");
if (name != null && !name.isEmpty()) {
out.print("你好" + name);
out.print(", <br> 欢迎来到我的主页。");
} else {
out.print("请输入你的名字！");
}
out.print("<br><a href=index.jsp>返回</a>");
out.flush();
out.close();
}
}
（5）web.xml文件中，对Servlet的配置。
<servlet>
<description>This is the description of my J2EE component</description>
<display-name>This is the display name of my J2EE component</display-name>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.xqh.filter.MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/MyServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>(6)完整的web.xml配置文件。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="2.5"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<filter>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.xqh.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>GBK</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
<!-- 设置过滤对应的请求方式 -->
<dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
<dispatcher>FORWARD</dispatcher>
</filter-mapping>
<servlet>
<description>This is the description of my J2EE component</description>
<display-name>This is the display name of my J2EE component</display-name>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.xqh.filter.MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/MyServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
（7）程序的目录结构
（8）程序运行结果截图
使用过滤器的情况：
未使用过滤器的情况：
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