Hive主键、唯一约束

一、官网查看

点击此处查看官方文档
其中Create table：

CREATE [TEMPORARY] [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name    -- (Note: TEMPORARY available in Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  [(col_name data_type [column_constraint_specification] [COMMENT col_comment], ... [constraint_specification])]
  [COMMENT table_comment]
  [PARTITIONED BY (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)]
  [CLUSTERED BY (col_name, col_name, ...) [SORTED BY (col_name [ASC|DESC], ...)] INTO num_buckets BUCKETS]
  [SKEWED BY (col_name, col_name, ...)                  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.10.0 and later)]
     ON ((col_value, col_value, ...), (col_value, col_value, ...), ...)
     [STORED AS DIRECTORIES]
  [
   [ROW FORMAT row_format] 
   [STORED AS file_format]
     | STORED BY 'storage.handler.class.name' [WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (...)]  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.6.0 and later)
  ]
  [LOCATION hdfs_path]
  [TBLPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...)]   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.6.0 and later)
  [AS select_statement];   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.5.0 and later; not supported for external tables)
 
CREATE [TEMPORARY] [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name
  LIKE existing_table_or_view_name
  [LOCATION hdfs_path];
 
data_type
  : primitive_type
  | array_type
  | map_type
  | struct_type
  | union_type  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.7.0 and later)
 
primitive_type
  : TINYINT
  | SMALLINT
  | INT
  | BIGINT
  | BOOLEAN
  | FLOAT
  | DOUBLE
  | DOUBLE PRECISION -- (Note: Available in Hive 2.2.0 and later)
  | STRING
  | BINARY      -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.8.0 and later)
  | TIMESTAMP   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.8.0 and later)
  | DECIMAL     -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.11.0 and later)
  | DECIMAL(precision, scale)  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13.0 and later)
  | DATE        -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.12.0 and later)
  | VARCHAR     -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.12.0 and later)
  | CHAR        -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13.0 and later)
 
array_type
  : ARRAY < data_type >
 
map_type
  : MAP < primitive_type, data_type >
 
struct_type
  : STRUCT < col_name : data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...>
 
union_type
   : UNIONTYPE < data_type, data_type, ... >  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.7.0 and later)
 
row_format
  : DELIMITED [FIELDS TERMINATED BY char [ESCAPED BY char]] [COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY char]
        [MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY char] [LINES TERMINATED BY char]
        [NULL DEFINED AS char]   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13 and later)
  | SERDE serde_name [WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, property_name=property_value, ...)]
 
file_format:
  : SEQUENCEFILE
  | TEXTFILE    -- (Default, depending on hive.default.fileformat configuration)
  | RCFILE      -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.6.0 and later)
  | ORC         -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.11.0 and later)
  | PARQUET     -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13.0 and later)
  | AVRO        -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  | JSONFILE    -- (Note: Available in Hive 4.0.0 and later)
  | INPUTFORMAT input_format_classname OUTPUTFORMAT output_format_classname
 
column_constraint_specification:
  : [ PRIMARY KEY|UNIQUE|NOT NULL|DEFAULT [default_value]|CHECK  [check_expression] ENABLE|DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]
 
default_value:
  : [ LITERAL|CURRENT_USER()|CURRENT_DATE()|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()|NULL ] 
 
constraint_specification:
  : [, PRIMARY KEY (col_name, ...) DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]
    [, PRIMARY KEY (col_name, ...) DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]
    [, CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (col_name, ...) REFERENCES table_name(col_name, ...) DISABLE NOVALIDATE 
    [, CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE (col_name, ...) DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]
    [, CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK [check_expression] ENABLE|DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]

二、探索

1.官网操作

通过上方部分的：

CREATE [TEMPORARY] [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name    -- (Note: TEMPORARY available in Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  [(col_name data_type [column_constraint_specification] [COMMENT col_comment], ... [constraint_specification])]

中的[column_constraint_specification]，并去查看[column_constraint_specification]的含义，发现包含：

column_constraint_specification:
  : [ PRIMARY KEY|UNIQUE|NOT NULL|DEFAULT [default_value]|CHECK  [check_expression] ENABLE|DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY/NORELY ]

也就意味着可以通过create table table_name(id int primary key,name string)来实现主键约束，但实际去操作发现报错；

2.查找资料

然后去搜索资料，发现可以建立主键的有用文档
其中操作为：

CREATE TABLE vendor 
( 
  vendor_id INTEGER, 
  PRIMARY KEY (vendor_id)  DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY
);

发现这时可以创建成功，但进行插入数据后可以发现仍然可以插入重复数据，主键未生效；
然后继续查看该文档，发现这么一条：

• DISABLE 和NOVALIDATE现在是强制性的因为现在暂不支持默认的ENABLE 和VALIDATE，实际上就是上边介绍的hive未验证约束

也就是说该主键约束其实根本无效。

3.官网验证

之后再去官方文档查看验证：

发现主键、外键约束在hive2.1.0之后有，UNIQUE, NOT NULL, DEFAULT and CHECK constraints在hive3.0.0之后有，按这么来说主键约束应该是生效的，只要按这么写：

create table pk(id1 integer, id2 integer,
  primary key(id1, id2) disable novalidate);

因为本文验证时的hive版本大于2.1.0
但本文最初贴出的文档部分内容中：

CREATE [TEMPORARY] [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name    -- (Note: TEMPORARY available in Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  [(col_name data_type [column_constraint_specification] [COMMENT col_comment], ... [constraint_specification])]

并没有限定版本，那么这样写应该可以才对：

create table table_name(id int primary key,name string)

结果不行，说明官方文档可能还有些问题，不能盲目确信。之后再点进具体版本里查看：

发现：

查看翻译，也就说目前其实根本不执行主键等约束！
那目前可以建立主键外键意义何在？

4.探索意义

根据之前的参考文章和翻译，发现关键词：RELY
参考文章里写到：

• RELY/NORELY同样是可选的。如果一个约束指定RELY，也就是希望HIVE CBO（cost based optimize）使用约束信息来获得更好的统计，对不必要的连接删除（ join elimination），来得到更好的整体执行计划。
• 正常来说外键的引用必须是唯一性索引，也就是unique或者主键，但是hive目前并不支持unique，因此目前外键的父列必须是主键。

也就可以猜想，此处建立主键外键其实是为了多表关联join时可以使用来更好的统计，并进行优化