Object[ ] toArray()与 <T> T[ ] toArray(T[] a)

实际开发中经常会用到将集合转换成数组进行操作，Collection有两种方法可以进行数组的转换。

首先看下Collecction的这两个方法的说明：

 Object[ ] toArray() :返回按适当顺序包含列表中的所有元素的数组（从第一个元素到最后一个元素）。

 <T> T[ ]  toArray(T[] a):返回按适当顺序（从第一个元素到最后一个元素）包含列表中所有元素的数组；返回数组的运行时类型是指定数组的运行时类型。

        Collection<String> arr = new ArrayList<String>();
        arr.add("a");
        arr.add("b");
        arr.add("b");//可以添加重复的对象
        Object[] obj = arr.toArray();//第一种方法
        // String[] str = (String[])arr.toArray();//error
        String[] obj1 = arr.toArray(new String[3]);//第二种方法

        针对上面注释的那行代码报错进行分析：

        这里的问题其实是一个数组的类型，及类型转换的问题。这里解释这个问题需要先来看一个数组的声明的分析：

Object[] objArray = new String[3];

       该语句的意义是，一个String[]类型的数组向上造型赋值给一个Object[]类型的引用；这一步是可以成功的，因为String[]类型是Object[]的子类。所以很自然的可以想到此时可以将objArray向下造型为String[]。

      arr.toArray[]这句代码生成的是一个Object[]类型的数组。所以其不可以向下造型成String[]的类型。而arr.toArray(new String[3])这句代码返回的就是一个String[]类型的数组。如下是Vector的源码实现：

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector
     * in the correct order.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the
     * correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the
     * specified array.  If the Vector fits in the specified array, it is
     * returned therein.  Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime
     * type of the specified array and the size of this Vector.
     *
     * <p>If the Vector fits in the specified array with room to spare
     * (i.e., the array has more elements than the Vector),
     * the element in the array immediately following the end of the
     * Vector is set to null.  (This is useful in determining the length
     * of the Vector <em>only</em> if the caller knows that the Vector
     * does not contain any null elements.)
     *
     * @param a the array into which the elements of the Vector are to
     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
     * @return an array containing the elements of the Vector
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of a is not a supertype
     * of the runtime type of every element in this Vector
     * @throws NullPointerException if the given array is null
     * @since 1.2
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public synchronized <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < elementCount)
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount, a.getClass());

        System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, elementCount);

        if (a.length > elementCount)
            a[elementCount] = null;

        return a;
    }