Execute a system command using difference languages

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-13 20:39:16 发布

Tody Guo

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-13 20:39:16 发布

阅读量1.8k

点赞数

分类专栏： C/C++ 文章标签： command system output shell string basic

C/C++ 专栏收录该内容

148 篇文章 12 订阅

订阅专栏

http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_System_Command

Ada

Using the IEEE POSIX Ada standard, P1003.5c:

with POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives;
 
procedure Execute_A_System_Command is
   Arguments : POSIX.POSIX_String_List;
begin
   POSIX.Append (Arguments, "ls");
   POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives.Exec_Search ("ls", Arguments);
end Execute_A_System_Command;

Importing the C system() function:

with Interfaces.C; use Interfaces.C;
 
procedure Execute_System is
    function Sys (Arg : Char_Array) return Integer;
    pragma Import(C, Sys, "system");
    Ret_Val : Integer;
begin
    Ret_Val := Sys(To_C("ls"));
end Execute_System;

Using the GNAT run-time library:

 
with Ada.Text_IO;     use Ada.Text_IO;
with System.OS_Lib;   use System.OS_Lib;
 
procedure Execute_Synchronously is
   Result    : Integer;
   Arguments : Argument_List :=
                 (  1=> new String'("cmd.exe"),
                    2=> new String'("/C dir c:\temp\*.adb")
                 );
begin
   Spawn
   (  Program_Name           => "cmd.exe",
      Args                   => Arguments,
      Output_File_Descriptor => Standout,
      Return_Code            => Result
   );
   for Index in Arguments'Range loop
      Free (Arguments (Index)); -- Free the argument list
   end loop;
end Execute_Synchronously;

[edit]Aikido

The simplest way to do this is using the system() function. It returns a vector of strings (the output from the command).

 
var lines = system ("ls")
foreach line lines {
    println (line)
}

If you don't want to process the output you can use the exec function. It writes the output to the standard output stream by default;

 
exec ("ls")

You also have the regular fork and execv calls available:

 
var pid = fork()
if (pid == 0) {
    var args = ["/bin/ls"]
    execv ("/bin/ls", args)
    exit(1)
}
var status = 0
waitpid (pid, status)

[edit]Aime

sshell ss;
 
b_cast(ss_path(ss), "/bin/ls");
 
lf_p_text(ss_argv(ss), "ls");
 
o_text(ss_link(ss));

[edit]ALGOL 68

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9 - "system" is not part of the standard's prelude.

system("ls")

Or the classic "!" shell escape can be implemented as an "!" operator:

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9 - "system" & "ANDF" are not part of the standard's prelude.

OP ! = (STRING cmd)BOOL: system(cmd) = 0;
 
IF ! "touch test.tmp" ANDF ( ! "ls test.tmp" ANDF ! "rm test.tmp" ) THEN
  print (("test.tmp now gone!", new line))
FI

[edit]AppleScript

do shell script "ls" without altering line endings

[edit]AutoHotkey

Run, %comspec% /k dir & pause

[edit]AWK

BEGIN {
  system("ls")
}

[edit]BASIC

SHELL "dir"

On Acorn computers the *CAT command catalogues the current directory, the equivalent of the Unix ls command or the DOS/Windows dir command. The BBC BASIC OSCLI command passes a string to the Command Line Interpreter to execute a system command, it is the equivalent of C's system() command.

OSCLI "CAT"

With BBC BASIC for Windows you can execute the Windows dir command:

OSCLI "*dir":REM *dir to bypass BB4W's built-in dir command

And if running BBC BASIC on a Unix host, you can execute the ls command:

OSCLI "ls"

[edit]Bracmat

sys$dir

[edit]Brat

include :subprocess 
 
p subprocess.run :ls  #Lists files in directory

[edit]Brlcad

 
exec ls

[edit]C

ISO C & POSIX:

#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main()
{
    system("ls");
    return 0;
}

[edit]C++

Works with: Visual C++ version 2005

system("pause");

[edit]C#

Using Windows / .NET:

using System.Diagnostics;
 
namespace Execute
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Process.Start("cmd.exe", "/c dir");
        }
    }
}

Works with: MCS version 1.2.3.1

using System;
 
  class Execute {
     static void Main() {
         System.Diagnostics.Process proc = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
         proc.EnableRaisingEvents=false;
         proc.StartInfo.FileName="ls";
         proc.Start();
    }
 }

[edit]Clojure

(.. Runtime getRuntime (exec "cmd /C dir"))

 
 
user=> (use '[clojure.java.shell :only [sh]])
 
user=> (sh "ls" "-aul")
 
{:exit 0, 
 :out total 64
drwxr-xr-x  11 zkim  staff    374 Jul  5 13:21 .
drwxr-xr-x  25 zkim  staff    850 Jul  5 13:02 ..
drwxr-xr-x  12 zkim  staff    408 Jul  5 13:02 .git
-rw-r--r--   1 zkim  staff     13 Jul  5 13:02 .gitignore
-rw-r--r--   1 zkim  staff  12638 Jul  5 13:02 LICENSE.html
-rw-r--r--   1 zkim  staff   4092 Jul  5 13:02 README.md
drwxr-xr-x   2 zkim  staff     68 Jul  5 13:15 classes
drwxr-xr-x   5 zkim  staff    170 Jul  5 13:15 lib
-rw-r--r--@  1 zkim  staff   3396 Jul  5 13:03 pom.xml
-rw-r--r--@  1 zkim  staff    367 Jul  5 13:15 project.clj
drwxr-xr-x   4 zkim  staff    136 Jul  5 13:15 src
, :err }

 
user=> (use '[clojure.java.shell :only [sh]])
 
user=> (println (:out (sh "cowsay" "Printing a command-line output")))
 
 _________________________________ 
< Printing a command-line output. >
 --------------------------------- 
        \   ^__^
         \  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||
 
nil

[edit]CMake

Works with: Unix

execute_process(COMMAND ls)

Because of a quirk in the implementation (cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx andProcessUNIX.c), CMake diverts the standard output to a pipe. The effect is like runningls | cat in the shell. The ls process inherits the original standard input and standard error, but receives a new pipe for standard output. CMake then reads this pipe and copies all data to the original standard output.

execute_process() can also chain commands in a pipeline, and capture output.

# Calculate pi to 40 digits after the decimal point.
execute_process(
  COMMAND printf "scale = 45; 4 * a(1) + 5 / 10 ^ 41\\n"
  COMMAND bc -l
  COMMAND sed -e "s/.\\{5\\}$//"
  OUTPUT_VARIABLE pi OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
message(STATUS "pi is ${pi}")

-- pi is 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841972

[edit]Common Lisp

Works with: CMUCL

(with-output-to-string (stream) (extensions:run-program "ls" nil :output stream))

Works with: LispWorks

(system:call-system "ls")

Library: trivial-shell

(trivial-shell:shell-command "ls")

[edit]D

Note that this does not return the output of the command, other than the return value. That functionality can be accomplished via a call to shell().

std.process.system("ls");

[edit]dc

! ls

[edit]DCL

Directory

Or, shorter

dir

[edit]Delphi

program ExecuteSystemCommand;
 
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
 
uses Windows, ShellApi;
 
begin
  ShellExecute(0, nil, 'cmd.exe', ' /c dir', nil, SW_HIDE);
end.

[edit]E

def ls := makeCommand("ls")
ls("-l")
 
def [results, _, _] := ls.exec(["-l"])
when (results) -> {
  def [exitCode, out, err] := results
  print(out)
} catch problem {
  print(`failed to execute ls: $problem`)
}

[edit]Erlang

os:cmd("ls").

[edit]Factor

"ls" run-process wait-for-process

[edit]Fantom

The Process class handles creating and running external processes. in/out/err streams can be redirected, but default to the usual stdin/stdout/stderr. So following program prints result of 'ls' to the command line:

 
class Main
{
  public static Void main ()
  {
    p := Process (["ls"])
    p.run
  }
}

[edit]Forth

Works with: gforth version 0.6.2

s" ls" system

[edit]Fortran

Works with: gfortran

The SYSTEM subroutine (and function) are a GNU extension.

program SystemTest
  call system("ls")
end program SystemTest

[edit]Go

package main
import "fmt"
import "os/exec"
 
func main() {
  cmd := exec.Command("ls", "-l")
  output, err := cmd.Output()
  if (err != nil) {
    fmt.Println(err)
    return
  }
  fmt.Print(string(output))
}

[edit]gnuplot

!ls

[edit]GUISS

Start,Programs,Accessories,MSDOS Prompt,Type:dir[enter]

[edit]Haskell

Works with: GHCi version 6.6

import System.Cmd
 
main = system "ls"

[edit]HicEst

SYSTEM(CoMmand='pause')
SYSTEM(CoMmand='dir & pause')

[edit]Icon andUnicon

The code below selects the 'ls' or 'dir' command at runtime based on the UNIX feature.

procedure main()
 
write("Trying command ",cmd := if &features == "UNIX" then "ls" else "dir")
system(cmd)
 
end

Unicon extends system to allow specification of files and a wait/nowait parameter as in the examples below.

 
  pid := system(command_string,&input,&output,&errout,"wait") 
  pid := system(command_string,&input,&output,&errout,"nowait")

[edit]IDL

$ls

Will execute "ls" with output to the screen.

spawn,"ls",result

will execute it and store the result in the string array "result".

spawn,"ls",unit=unit

will execute it asynchronously and direct any output from it into the LUN "unit" from whence it can be read at any (later) time.

[edit]Io

System runCommand("ls") stdout println

[edit]J

The system command interface in J is provided by the standard "task" script:

load'task'
 
NB.  Execute a command and wait for it to complete
shell 'dir'
 
NB.  Execute a command but don't wait for it to complete 
fork 'notepad'
 
NB.  Execute a command and capture its stdout
stdout   =:  shell 'dir'  
 
NB.  Execute a command, provide it with stdin, 
NB.  and capture its stdout
stdin    =:  'blahblahblah'
stdout   =:  stdin spawn 'grep blah'

[edit]Java

Works with: Java version 1.5+

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.*;
 
public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {    	
    	try {
    		Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /C dir");//Windows command, use "ls -oa" for UNIX
    		Scanner sc = new Scanner(p.getInputStream());    		
    		while (sc.hasNext()) System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
    	}
    	catch (IOException e) {
    		System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    	}
    }
}

Works with: Java version 1.4+

There are two ways to run system commands. The simple way, which will hang the JVM (I would be interested in some kind of reason). -- this happens because the the inputStream buffer fills up and blocks until it gets read. Moving your .waitFor after reading the InputStream would fix your issue (as long as your error stream doesn't fill up)

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
 
public class MainEntry {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        executeCmd("ls -oa");
    }
 
    private static void executeCmd(String string) {
        InputStream pipedOut = null;
        try {
            Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);
            aProcess.waitFor();
 
            pipedOut = aProcess.getInputStream();
            byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];
            int read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
            // Replace following code with your intends processing tools
            while(read >= 0) {
                System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);
 
                read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
            ie.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if(pipedOut != null) {
                try {
                    pipedOut.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
 
}

And the right way, which uses threading to read the InputStream given by the process.

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
 
public class MainEntry {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // the command to execute
        executeCmd("ls -oa");
    }
 
    private static void executeCmd(String string) {
        InputStream pipedOut = null;
        try {
            Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);
 
            // These two thread shall stop by themself when the process end
            Thread pipeThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getInputStream()));
            Thread errorThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getErrorStream()));
 
            pipeThread.start();
            errorThread.start();
 
            aProcess.waitFor();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
            ie.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
 
//Replace the following thread with your intends reader
class StreamGobber implements Runnable {
 
    private InputStream Pipe;
 
    public StreamGobber(InputStream pipe) {
        if(pipe == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("bad pipe");
        }
        Pipe = pipe;
    }
 
    public void run() {
        try {
            byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];
 
            int read = Pipe.read(buffer);
            while(read >= 0) {
                System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);
 
                read = Pipe.read(buffer);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if(Pipe != null) {
                try {
                    Pipe.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

[edit]JavaScript

JavaScript does not have any facilities to interact with the OS. However, host environments can provide this ability.

Works with: JScript

var shell = new ActiveXObject("WScript.Shell");
shell.run("cmd /c dir & pause");

Works with: Rhino

runCommand("cmd", "/c", "dir", "d:\\");
print("===");
var options = {
    // can specify arguments here in the options object
    args: ["/c", "dir", "d:\\"],
    // capture stdout to the options.output property
    output: ''
};
runCommand("cmd", options);
print(options.output);

[edit]Joy

"ls" system.

[edit]K

Execute "ls"

\ls

Execute "ls" and capture the output in the variable "r":

   r: 4:"ls"

[edit]Liberty BASIC

 
 drive1$ = left$(Drives$,1)
run "cmd.exe /";drive1$;" dir & pause"

[edit]Locomotive Basic

The Amstrad CPC464 uses a ROM based basic interpreter, so every statement within the program is a system command. If a command without a line number is typed, whilst the computer is in a ready state, the command gets executed immediately. There is no pause command, so in this example, we use the list command (which exhibits totally different behaviour to a pause command):

LIST

[edit]Logo

Works with: UCB Logo

The lines of output of the SHELL command are returned as a list.

print first butfirst shell [ls -a]   ; ..

[edit]Lua

-- just executing the command
os.execute("ls")
 
-- to execute and capture the output, use io.popen
local f = io.popen("ls") -- store the output in a "file"
print( f:read("*a") )    -- print out the "file"'s content

[edit]M4

syscmd(ifdef(`__windows__',`dir',`ls'))

[edit]Make

make can use system command in either definition of variables or in the targets

in definition

contents=$(shell cat foo)
curdir=`pwd`

in target

mytarget:
   cat foo | grep mytext

[edit]Mathematica

Run["ls"]

[edit]MATLAB

To execute system commands in MATLAB, use the "system" keyword.

Sample Usage:

>> system('PAUSE')
 
Press any key to continue . . . 
 
 
ans =
 
     0

[edit]Maxima

system("dir > list.txt")$

[edit]MAXScript

dosCommand "pause"

[edit]Mercury

 
:- module execute_sys_cmd.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
 
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
 
:- implementation.
 
main(!IO) :-
   io.call_system("ls", _Result, !IO).

[edit]Modula-2

MODULE tri;
 
FROM   SYSTEM           IMPORT  ADR;
FROM   SysLib           IMPORT  system;
 
IMPORT TextIO, InOut, ASCII;
 
VAR   fd                : TextIO.File;
      ch                : CHAR;
 
PROCEDURE SystemCommand (VAR  command : ARRAY OF CHAR) : BOOLEAN;
 
BEGIN
   IF  system (ADR (command) ) = 0  THEN
      RETURN TRUE
   ELSE
      RETURN FALSE
   END
END SystemCommand;
 
BEGIN
   IF  SystemCommand ("ls -1 tri.mod | ") = TRUE  THEN
      InOut.WriteString ("No error reported.")
   ELSE
      InOut.WriteString ("Error reported!")
   END;
   LOOP
      InOut.Read (ch);
      InOut.Write (ch);
      IF  ch < ' '  THEN  EXIT  END
   END;
   InOut.WriteLn;
   InOut.WriteBf
END tri.

[edit]Modula-3

This code requires the UNSAFE keyword because M3toC deals with C strings (which are pointers), and are implemented in Modula-3 asUNTRACED, meaning they are not garbage collected, which is why the code callsFreeCopiedS().

Also note the EVAL keyword, which ignores the return value of a function.

UNSAFE MODULE Exec EXPORTS Main;
 
IMPORT Unix, M3toC;
 
VAR command := M3toC.CopyTtoS("ls");
 
BEGIN
  EVAL Unix.system(command);
  M3toC.FreeCopiedS(command);
END Exec.

[edit]MUMPS

ANSI MUMPS doesn't allow access to the operating system except possibly through the View command and $View function, both of which are implementation specific. Intersystems' Caché does allow you to create processes with the $ZF function, and if the permissions for the Caché process allow it you can perform operating system commands.

In Caché on OpenVMS in an FILES-11 filesystem ODS-5 mode this could work:

Set X=$ZF(-1,"DIR")

In GT.M on OpenVMS, the following will work:

ZSY "DIR"

GT.M on UNIX is the same:

ZSY "ls"

Note: $ZF in GT.M is Unicode version of $F[ind].

[edit]Objective-C

Works with: GCC

NSTask runs an external process with explicit path and arguments.

void runls()
{
    [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/ls"
        arguments:[NSArray array]] waitUntilExit];
}

If you need to run a system command, invoke the shell:

void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd)
{
    [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
        arguments:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"-c", cmd, nil]]
        waitUntilExit];
}

Complete usage example:

Works with: Cocoa

Works with: GNUstep

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd)
{
    [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
        arguments:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"-c", cmd, nil]]
        waitUntilExit];
}
 
int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    NSAutoreleasePool *pool;
 
    pool = [NSAutoreleasePool new];
 
    runSystemCommand(@"ls");
    [pool release];
    return 0;
}

Or use the C method above.

[edit]OCaml

Just run the command:

Sys.command "ls"

To capture the output of the command:

#load "unix.cma"
 
let syscall cmd =
  let ic, oc = Unix.open_process cmd in
  let buf = Buffer.create 16 in
  (try
     while true do
       Buffer.add_channel buf ic 1
     done
   with End_of_file -> ());
  let _ = Unix.close_process (ic, oc) in
  (Buffer.contents buf)
 
let listing = syscall "ls" ;;

a more complete version which also returns the contents from stderr, and checks the exit-status, and where the environment can be specified:

let check_exit_status = function
  | Unix.WEXITED 0 -> ()
  | Unix.WEXITED r -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process terminated with exit code (%d)\n%!" r
  | Unix.WSIGNALED n -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process was killed by a signal (number: %d)\n%!" n
  | Unix.WSTOPPED n -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process was stopped by a signal (number: %d)\n%!" n
;;
 
let syscall ?(env=[| |]) cmd =
  let ic, oc, ec = Unix.open_process_full cmd env in
  let buf1 = Buffer.create 96
  and buf2 = Buffer.create 48 in
  (try
     while true do Buffer.add_channel buf1 ic 1 done
   with End_of_file -> ());
  (try
     while true do Buffer.add_channel buf2 ec 1 done
   with End_of_file -> ());
  let exit_status = Unix.close_process_full (ic, oc, ec) in
  check_exit_status exit_status;
  (Buffer.contents buf1,
   Buffer.contents buf2)

val syscall : ?env:string array -> string -> string * string

[edit]Octave

system("ls");

[edit]Oz

{OS.system "ls" _}

A more sophisticated example can be found here.

[edit]PARI/GP

system("ls")

[edit]Pascal

Works with: Free_Pascal

Library: SysUtils

Program ExecuteSystemCommand;
 
uses
  SysUtils;
begin
  ExecuteProcess('/bin/ls', '-alh');
end.

[edit]Perl

my @results = qx(ls);
# runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string
my @results = `ls`;
# ditto, alternative syntax
 
system "ls";
# runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT
 
print `ls`;
#The same, but with back quotes
 
exec "ls";
# replace current process with another

Also see:http://perldoc.perl.org/perlipc.html#Using-open()-for-IPC http://perldoc.perl.org/IPC/Open3.html

[edit]Perl 6

run "ls" or die $!; # output to stdout
 
my @ls = qx/ls/;    # output to variable
 
my $cmd = 'ls';
my @ls = qqx/$ls/;  # same thing with interpolation

[edit]PHP

The first line execute the command and the second line display the output:

@exec($command,$output);
echo nl2br($output);

Note:The '@' is here to prevent error messages to be displayed, 'nl2br' translate '\n' chars to 'br' in HTML.

Other:

$results = `ls`;
# runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string

system("ls");
# runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT

echo `ls`;
# the same, but with back quotes

passthru("ls");
# like system() but binary-safe

[edit]PicoLisp

(call "ls")

[edit]Pike

int main(){
   // Process.run was added in Pike 7.8 as a wrapper to simplify the use of Process.create_process()
   mapping response = Process.run("ls -l");
   // response is now a map containing 3 fields
   // stderr, stdout, and exitcode. We want stdout.
   write(response["stdout"] + "\n");
 
   // with older versions of pike it's a bit more complicated:
   Stdio.File stdout = Stdio.File();
   Process.create_process(({"ls", "-l"}), ([ "stdout" : stdout->pipe() ]) );
   write(stdout->read() + "\n");
}

[edit]Pop11

The sysobey function runs commands using a shell:

sysobey('ls');

[edit]PowerShell

Since PowerShell is a shell, running commands is the default operation.

dir
ls
Get-ChildItem

are all equivalent (the first two are aliases for the third) but they are PowerShell-native commands. If one really needs to executedir (which is no program but rather a built-in command in cmd.exe) this can be achieved by

cmd /c dir

[edit]Prolog

Works with: SWI Prolog

Works with: GNU Prolog

shell('ls').

[edit]PureBasic

ImportC "msvcrt.lib"
  system(str.p-ascii)
EndImport
 
If OpenConsole()
  system("dir & pause")
 
  Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit")
  Input()
  CloseConsole()
EndIf

[edit]Python

import os
exit_code = os.system('ls')       # Just execute the command, return a success/fail code
output    = os.popen('ls').read() # If you want to get the output data. Deprecated.

Works with: Python version 2.7 (and above)

import subprocess
# if the exit code was non-zero these commands raise a CalledProcessError
exit_code = subprocess.check_call(['ls', '-l'])   # Python 2.5+
assert exit_code == 0
output    = subprocess.check_output(['ls', '-l']) # Python 2.7+

Works with: Python version 2.4 (and above)

from subprocess import PIPE, Popen, STDOUT
p = Popen('ls', stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT)
print p.communicate()[0]

Note: The latter is the preferred method for calling external processes, although cumbersome, it gives you finer control over the process.

Works with: Python version 2.2 (and above)

import commands
stat, out = commands.getstatusoutput('ls')
if not stat:
    print out

[edit]R

system("ls")
output=system("ls",intern=TRUE)

[edit]Raven

Back tick string is auto executed:

`ls -la` as listing

Or specifically on any string:

'ls -la' shell as listing

[edit]REBOL

; Capture output to string variable:
 
x: ""  call/output "dir" x
print x
 
; The 'console' refinement displays the command output on the REBOL command line.
 
call/console "dir *.r"
call/console "ls *.r"
 
call/console "pause"
 
; The 'shell' refinement may be necessary to launch some programs.
 
call/shell "notepad.exe"

[edit]REXX

Since REXX is a shell scripting language, it's easy to execute commands:

"dir /a:d"

[edit]Ruby

string = `ls`
# runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string
string = %x{ls}
# ditto, alternative syntax
 
system "ls"
# runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT
 
print `ls`
#The same, but with back quotes
 
exec "ls"
# replace current process with another
 
# call system command and read output asynchronously
io = IO.popen('ls')
# ... later
io.each {|line| puts line}

[edit]Run BASIC

print shell$("ls")  ' prints the returned data from the OS
a$ =  shell$("ls")  ' holds returned data in a$

[edit]Scala

import scala.sys.process.Process
Process("ls", Seq("-oa"))!

[edit]Scheme

Works with: Guile

Works with: Chicken Scheme

(system "ls")

[edit]Seed7

System commands can make a program unportable.Unix, Linux and BSD use the commandls, while Windows respectively DOS use the command dir.The format written byls respectively dir depends on operating system and locale.The libraryosfiles.s7i definesthe function read_dir,which reads the contents of a directory in a portable way. Read_dir works independendfrom operating system and locale and supports also Unicode filenames.Anyway, the task was to use a system command, so here is the example:

$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
  include "shell.s7i";
 
const proc: main is func
  begin
    cmd_sh("ls");
  end func;

[edit]Slate

Run a command normally through the shell:

Platform run: 'ls'.

Run a command (this way takes advantage of the 'does not understand' message for the shell object and calls the Platform run: command above with a specific command):

shell ls: '*.slate'.

[edit]Smalltalk

Smalltalk system: 'ls'.

[edit]Standard ML

Just run the command:

OS.Process.system "ls"

[edit]Tcl

puts [exec ls]

This page uses "ls" as the primary example. For what it's worth, Tcl has built-in primitives for retrieving lists of files so one would rarely ever directly exec an ls command.

It is also possible to execute a system command by "open"ing it through a pipe from whence any output of the command can be read at any (later) time. For example:

set io [open "|ls" r]

would execute "ls" and pipe the result into the channel whose name is put in the "io" variable. From there one could receive it either line by line like this:

set nextline [gets $io]

or read the whole shebang in a fell swoop:

set lsoutput [read $io]

If the command is opened "rw", it is even possible to send it user input through the same handle, though care must be taken with buffering in that case.

[edit]Toka

needs shell
" ls" system

[edit]TUSCRIPT

 
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
system=SYSTEM ()
IF (system=="WIN") THEN
EXECUTE "dir"
ELSEIF (system.sw."LIN") THEN
EXECUTE "ls -l"
ENDIF

[edit]UNIX Shell

UNIX shells are designed to run system commands as a default operation.

ls

If one wishes to replace the shell process with some other command (chain into some command with no return) one can use theexec shell built-in command.

exec ls

[edit]Command substitution

One can also capture the command's standard output in a variable.

With Bourne Shell:

output=`ls`

With Korn Shell or any modern shell:

output=$(ls)

Note 1: in `ls`, these are "backticks" rather than quotes or apostrophes.
Note 2: the $(...) form works in all modern shells, including theAlmquist Shell,Bash and any POSIX shell.
The old `backticks` can also be used in the newer shells, but their users prefer the$(...) form when discussing such things in e-mail, on USENET, or in other online forums (such as this wiki). The only reason to use `backticks` is in scripts for old Bourne Shell.

The `...` form is difficult to nest, but the $(...) form is very nestable.

output=`expr \`echo hi | wc -c\` - 1`
output=$(expr $(echo hi | wc -c) - 1)

Both forms, `backticks` and $(...), also work inside double-quoted strings. This prevents file name expansion and also prevents word splitting.

echo "Found: `grep 80/tcp /etc/services`"
echo "Found: $(grep 80/tcp /etc/services)"

[edit]C Shell

C Shell also runs system commands, and has an exec built-in command, exactly like Bourne Shell.

ls         # run command, return to shell
exec ls    # replace shell with command

`Backticks` are slightly different. When inside double quotes, as "`...`", C Shell splits words at newlines, like"line 1" "line 2" ..., but preserves spaces and tabs.

set output=( "`grep 80/ /etc/services`" )
echo "Line 1: $output[1]"
echo "Line 2: $output[2]"

[edit]Ursala

The library function, ask, parameterized by a shell descriptor, such as bash,spawns a process that interacts with that shell by feeding it a list ofcommands, and returns a transcript of the interaction.

Note that the output from the spawned process is captured and returned only,not sent to the standard output stream of the parent.

Here is a self-contained command line application providing a limited replacementfor the ls command.

#import std
#import cli
 
#executable ('parameterized','')
 
myls = <.file$[contents: --<''>]>@hm+ (ask bash)/0+ -[ls --color=no]-!

The color option is needed to suppress terminal escape sequences.

[edit]Vedit macro language

system("dir", DOS)

The above does not work on 64-bit Windows versions which do not have 16-bit DOS emulation.In this case, you need to call cmd.exe explicitly:

system('cmd /k "dir"')

[edit]Visual Basic

Shelling out a sub task in Visual Basic is rather a pain if you need to wait for the task to complete, whichis probably the usual case. But it is possible.

Attribute VB_Name = "mdlShellAndWait"
Option Explicit
 
Private Declare Function OpenProcess Lib "kernel32" _
    (ByVal dwDesiredAccess As Long, ByVal bInheritHandle As Long, _
    ByVal dwProcessId As Long) As Long
 
Private Declare Function GetExitCodeProcess Lib "kernel32" _
    (ByVal hProcess As Long, lpExitCode As Long) As Long
 
Private Const STATUS_PENDING = &H103&
Private Const PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION = &H400
 
'
' Little function go get exit code given processId
'
Function ProcessIsRunning( processId as Long ) as Boolean
    Dim exitCode as Long
    Call GetExitCodeProcess(lProcessId, exitCode)
    ProcessIsRunning = (exitCode = STATUS_PENDING)
End Function
 
' Spawn subprocess and wait for it to complete.
'   I believe that the command in the command line must be an exe or a bat file.
'   Maybe, however, it can reference any file the system knows how to "Open"
'
' commandLine is an executable. 
' expectedDuration - is for poping up a dialog for whatever
' infoText - text for progressDialog dialog

Public Function ShellAndWait( commandLine As String, _
    expectedDuration As Integer ) As Boolean
 
    Dim inst As Long
    Dim startTime As Long
    Dim expirationTime As Long
    Dim pid As Long
    Dim expiresSameDay As Boolean
 
    On Error GoTo HandleError
 
    'Deal with timeout being reset at Midnight ($hitForBrains VB folks)
    startTime = CLng(Timer)
    expirationTime = startTime + expectedDuration
    expiresSameDay = expirationTime < 86400
    If Not expiresSameDay Then
        expirationTime = expirationTime - 86400
    End If
 
    inst = Shell(commandLine, vbMinimizedNoFocus)
 
    If inst <> 0 Then
        pid = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, False, inst)
 
        Do While ProcessIsRunning( pid)
            DoEvents
            If Timer > expirationTime And (expiresSameDay Or Timer < startTime) Then
                Exit Do
            End If
        Loop 
        ShellAndWait = True
    Else
        MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine)
        ShellAndWait = False
    End If
 
    Exit Function
 
HandleError:
    MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine)
    ShellAndWait = False
End Function
 
Sub SpawnDir()
   ShellAndWait("dir", 10)
End Sub

[edit]ZX Spectrum Basic

The ZX Spectrum uses a ROM based basic interpreter, so every statement within the program is a system command. If a command without a line number is typed, whilst the computer is in a ready state, the command gets executed immediately: