高水位线好比水库中储水的水位线，用于描述数据库中段的扩展方式。高水位线对全表扫描方式有着至关重要的影响。当使用delete 操作
表记录时，高水位线并不会下降，随之导致的是全表扫描的实际开销并没有任何减少。本文给出高水位线的描述，如何降低高水位线，以及高水
位线对全表扫描的影响。
一、何谓高水位线
如前所述，类似于水库中储水的水位线。只不过在数据库中用于描述段的扩展方式。
可以将数据段或索引段等想象为一个从左到右依次排开的一系列块。当这些块中未填充任何数据时，高水位线位于块的最左端(底端)
随着记录的不断增加，新块不断地被填充并使用，高水位线随之向右移动。高水位线之上为未格式化的数据块。
删除(delete)操作之后，高水位线之下的块处于空闲状态，但高水位线并不随之下降，直到重建，截断或收缩表段。
全表扫描会扫描高水位线之下的所有块，包括空闲数据块(执行了delete操作)。
低高水位线
是在使用ASSM时的一个概念。即使用ASSM时除了高水位线之外，还包括一个低高水位线。低高水位线一定是位于高水位线之下。
当段使用MSSM管理方式时只有一种情况即只存在一个高水位线。
使用MMSM时，当HWM升高时，Oracle立即格式化所有块且有效，并可以安全读取。仅当第一次使用时完成格式化，便于安全读取数据。
使用ASSM时，当HWM升高时，Oracle并不会立即格式化所有块。仅当第一次使用时完成格式化，便于安全读取数据。
使用低高水位线可以减少当全面扫描表段时，低高水位线与高水位线之间不安全块的检查数量。即低高水位线之下的块不再检查。
二、演示高水位线与全表扫描
- SQL> create table t -->创建测试表
- 2 as
- 3 select rownum as id,
- 4 round(dbms_random.normal*1000) AS val1,
- 5 dbms_random.string('p',250) AS pad
- 6 from dual
- 7 connect by level <=10000;
- Table created.
- SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T',cascade=>true); -->收集统计信息
- SQL> @Tab_Stat -->从dba_tab_statistics中获得表对象的统计信息，此时无empty_blocks的信息
- Enter value for input_table_name: t
- Enter value for input_owner: scott
- NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
- 10000 387 0 0 0 259 26 03-NOV-11 NO
- /**************************************************/
- /* Author: Robinson Cheng */
- /* Blog: http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612 */
- /* MSN: robinson_0612@hotmail.com */
- /* QQ: 645746311 */
- /**************************************************/
- SQL> analyze table t compute statistics; -->执行analyze
- SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时的empty_blocks值为125
- Enter value for input_table_name: t
- Enter value for input_owner: scott
- NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
- 10000 387 125 920 0 262 26 03-NOV-11 NO
- SQL> col segment_name format a15
- SQL> select segment_name,segment_type,blocks,extents from dba_segments -->查看表段上的块的信息
- 2 where segment_name='T' and owner='SCOTT';
- SEGMENT_NAME SEGMENT_TYPE BLOCKS EXTENTS -->此数据字典中记录的块数为512块(包含了已使用块与空闲块)
- --------------- ------------------ ---------- ----------
- T TABLE 512 19
- SQL> set autotrace traceonly; -->开启autotrace
- SQL> select count(*) from t; -->此时SQL语句的执行计划为全表扫描(执行计划中部分信息被省略)
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 2966233522
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
- | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 10000 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- Statistics
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- 1 recursive calls
- 0 db block gets
- 375 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值为375
- 0 physical reads
- SQL> set autotrace off;
- SQL> delete from t where rownum<=9900; -->删除大多数的记录，删除后剩余记录值为100
- 9900 rows deleted.
- SQL> commit;
- SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T',cascade=>true); -->收集统计信息
- SQL> analyze table t compute statistics; -->收集统计信息
- SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时对象上的统计信息无任何变化，即高水位线没有发生任何变化
- Enter value for input_table_name: t
- Enter value for input_owner: scott
- NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
- 100 387 125 7921 0 262 0 03-NOV-11 NO
- SQL> set autotrace traceonly
- SQL> select count(*) from t; -->SQL的执行计划中预估的值准确，为100行
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 2966233522
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
- | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 100 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- Statistics
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- 1 recursive calls
- 0 db block gets
- 375 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值仍然为375，并没有下降
- 0 physical reads
- SQL> set autotrace off;
- SQL> alter table t enable row movement; -->启用row movement
- SQL> alter table t shrink space cascade; --> 实施shrink space
- SQL> alter table t disable row movement;
- SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T');
- SQL> analyze table t compute statistics;
- SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时对象上的统计信息已发生变化，已使用的块为4块，空闲块为4块
- Enter value for input_table_name: t
- Enter value for input_owner: scott
- NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
- 100 4 4 7921 0 259 25 03-NOV-11 NO
- SQL> set autotrace traceonly
- SQL> select count(*) from t;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 2966233522
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
- | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 100 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- Statistics
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- 1 recursive calls
- 0 db block gets
- 6 consistent gets -->表段收缩之后，consistent gets由375下降为6
- 0 physical reads
- SQL> truncate table t; -->使用表截断技术(turncate table)
- Table truncated.
- SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T'); -->收集统计信息
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- SQL> select count(*) from t; -->此时执行计划中的rows变为1
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 2966233522
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
- | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- Statistics
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- 1 recursive calls
- 0 db block gets
- 3 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值降为3
- 0 physical reads
SQL> create table t -->创建测试表
2 as
3 select rownum as id,
4 round(dbms_random.normal*1000) AS val1,
5 dbms_random.string('p',250) AS pad
6 from dual
7 connect by level <=10000;
Table created.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T',cascade=>true); -->收集统计信息
SQL> @Tab_Stat -->从dba_tab_statistics中获得表对象的统计信息，此时无empty_blocks的信息
Enter value for input_table_name: t
Enter value for input_owner: scott
NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
10000 387 0 0 0 259 26 03-NOV-11 NO
/**************************************************/
/* Author: Robinson Cheng */
/* Blog: http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612 */
/* MSN: robinson_0612@hotmail.com */
/* QQ: 645746311 */
/**************************************************/
SQL> analyze table t compute statistics; -->执行analyze
SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时的empty_blocks值为125
Enter value for input_table_name: t
Enter value for input_owner: scott
NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
10000 387 125 920 0 262 26 03-NOV-11 NO
SQL> col segment_name format a15
SQL> select segment_name,segment_type,blocks,extents from dba_segments -->查看表段上的块的信息
2 where segment_name='T' and owner='SCOTT';
SEGMENT_NAME SEGMENT_TYPE BLOCKS EXTENTS -->此数据字典中记录的块数为512块(包含了已使用块与空闲块)
--------------- ------------------ ---------- ----------
T TABLE 512 19
SQL> set autotrace traceonly; -->开启autotrace
SQL> select count(*) from t; -->此时SQL语句的执行计划为全表扫描(执行计划中部分信息被省略)
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2966233522
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 10000 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
375 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值为375
0 physical reads
SQL> set autotrace off;
SQL> delete from t where rownum<=9900; -->删除大多数的记录，删除后剩余记录值为100
9900 rows deleted.
SQL> commit;
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T',cascade=>true); -->收集统计信息
SQL> analyze table t compute statistics; -->收集统计信息
SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时对象上的统计信息无任何变化，即高水位线没有发生任何变化
Enter value for input_table_name: t
Enter value for input_owner: scott
NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
100 387 125 7921 0 262 0 03-NOV-11 NO
SQL> set autotrace traceonly
SQL> select count(*) from t; -->SQL的执行计划中预估的值准确，为100行
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2966233522
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 100 | 86 (0)| 00:00:02 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
375 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值仍然为375，并没有下降
0 physical reads
SQL> set autotrace off;
SQL> alter table t enable row movement; -->启用row movement
SQL> alter table t shrink space cascade; --> 实施shrink space
SQL> alter table t disable row movement;
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T');
SQL> analyze table t compute statistics;
SQL> @Tab_Stat -->此时对象上的统计信息已发生变化，已使用的块为4块，空闲块为4块
Enter value for input_table_name: t
Enter value for input_owner: scott
NUM_ROWS BLKS EM_BLKS AVG_SPACE CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN AVG_ROWS_PER_BLOCK LST_ANLY STA
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------- ---
100 4 4 7921 0 259 25 03-NOV-11 NO
SQL> set autotrace traceonly
SQL> select count(*) from t;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2966233522
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 100 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6 consistent gets -->表段收缩之后，consistent gets由375下降为6
0 physical reads
SQL> truncate table t; -->使用表截断技术(turncate table)
Table truncated.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T'); -->收集统计信息
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select count(*) from t; -->此时执行计划中的rows变为1
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2966233522
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets -->consistent gets的值降为3
0 physical reads
三、总结
1、高水线直接决定了全表扫描所需要的I/O开销
2、delete操作不会降低高水位线，高水位线之下的所有块依然被扫描
3、使用truncate 会重置高水位线到0位
4、定期使用alter table tab_name shrink space cascade 有效减少该对象上的I/O开销
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