Unix Power Tools, Third Edition [ILLUSTRATED]

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With the growing popularity of Linux and the advent of Darwin, Unix has metamorphosed into something new and exciting. No longer perceived as a difficult operating system, more and more users are discovering the advantages of Unix for the first time. But whether you are a newcomer or a Unix power user, you'll find yourself thumbing through the goldmine of information in the new edition of Unix Power Tools to add to your store of knowledge. Want to try something new? Check this book first, and you're sure to find a tip or trick that will prevent you from learning things the hard way. The latest edition of this best-selling favorite is loaded with advice about almost every aspect of Unix, covering all the new technologies that users need to know.

In addition to vital information on Linux, Darwin, and BSD, Unix Power Tools 3rd Edition now offers more coverage of bash, zsh, and other new shells, along with discussions about modern utilities and applications. Several sections focus on security and Internet access. And there is a new chapter on access to Unix from Windows, addressing the heterogeneous nature of systems today. You'll also find expanded coverage of software installation and packaging, as well as basic information on Perl and Python. Unix Power Tools 3rd Edition is a browser's book...like a magazine that you don't read from start to finish, but leaf through repeatedly until you realize that you've read it all. Bursting with cross-references, interesting sidebars explore syntax or point out other directions for exploration, including relevant technical details that might not be immediately apparent. The book includes articles abstracted from other O'Reilly books, new information that highlights program tricks and gotchas, tips posted to the Net over the years, and other accumulated wisdom. Affectionately referred to by readers as "the" Unix book, UNIX Power Tools provides access to information every Unix user is going to need to know. It will help you think creatively about UNIX, and will help you get to the point where you can analyze your own problems.


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书籍描述: 随着Linux的日益普及和Darwin的出现,Unix已经变成了一种新的、令人兴奋的东西。越来越多的用户第一次发现了Unix的优点,不再被认为是一个困难的操作系统。但是,无论您是新手还是Unix Power用户,您都会发现自己在新版本的Unix Power Tools中翻阅信息金矿,以增加知识储备。想尝尝新的吗?先看看这本书,你一定会发现一个提示或诀窍,它会阻止你以一种艰难的方式学习东西。这本畅销书的最新版本几乎包含了有关Unix各个方面的建议,涵盖了用户需要了解的所有新技术。除了有关Linux、Darwin和BSD的重要信息外,Unix Power Tools第三版现在还提供了更多关于bash、zsh和其他新shell的介绍,以及有关现代实用程序和应用程序的讨论。几个部分集中讨论安全和互联网接入。还有一个新的篇章是关于从Windows访问Unix,解决了当今系统的异构性。您还将发现软件安装和打包的扩展范围,以及Perl和Python的基本信息。Unix Power Tools第三版是一本浏览器的书……就像一本杂志,您不必从头到尾阅读,而是反复阅读,直到您意识到您已经阅读了所有内容。大量交叉引用、有趣的侧边栏探索语法或指出其他探索方向,包括可能不会立即显现的相关技术细节。这本书包括从其他O'Reilly书籍中摘录的文章,突出程序技巧和gotcha的新信息,多年来发布到网络上的提示,以及其他积累的智慧。读者亲切地称之为“Unix书”,Unix Power Tools提供了访问每个Unix用户需要知道的信息的途径。它将帮助您创造性地思考Unix,并帮助您达到可以分析自己的问题的程度。你自己的解决方案不会落后太多。
Table of Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 What's Special About UNIX?............................................................................................................2 ..............................................................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Who Listens to What You Type?.......................................................................................................4 ..............................................................................................................................................................................6 1.3 Programs Are Designed to Work Together.......................................................................................6 ..............................................................................................................................................................................7 1.4 Using Pipes to Create a New Tool.....................................................................................................7 ..............................................................................................................................................................................9 1.5 Anyone Can Program the Shell..........................................................................................................9 ............................................................................................................................................................................11 1.6 Power Tools for Editing...................................................................................................................11 ............................................................................................................................................................................12 1.7 Power Grows on You.......................................................................................................................12 ............................................................................................................................................................................14 1.8 There Are Many Shells....................................................................................................................14 ............................................................................................................................................................................16 1.9 Which Shell Am I Running?............................................................................................................16 ............................................................................................................................................................................17 1.10 Internal and External Commands...................................................................................................17 ............................................................................................................................................................................18 1.11 How the Shell Executes Other Commands....................................................................................18 ............................................................................................................................................................................19 1.12 What Makes a Shell Script?...........................................................................................................19 ............................................................................................................................................................................20 1.13 Why Fundamentals Are Important.................................................................................................20 ............................................................................................................................................................................21 1.14 The Kernel and Daemons...............................................................................................................21 ............................................................................................................................................................................23 1.15 Filenames......................................................................................................................................23 ............................................................................................................................................................................25 1.16 Wildcards......................................................................................................................................25 ............................................................................................................................................................................27 1.17 Filename Extensions.....................................................................................................................27 ............................................................................................................................................................................29 1.18 Who Handles Wildcards?..............................................................................................................29 ............................................................................................................................................................................31 1.19 The Tree Structure of the Filesystem.............................................................................................31 ............................................................................................................................................................................34 1.20 Your Home Directory....................................................................................................................34 ............................................................................................................................................................................35 1.21 Making Pathnames........................................................................................................................35 ............................................................................................................................................................................37 1.22 How UNIX Keeps Track of Files: Inodes......................................................................................37 ............................................................................................................................................................................39 1.23 File Access Permissions.................................................................................................................39 ............................................................................................................................................................................42 1.24 The Superuser (Root).....................................................................................................................42 ............................................................................................................................................................................43 1.25 Access to Directories....................................................................................................................43 1.26 What a Multiuser System Can Do for You....................................................................................44 ............................................................................................................................................................................45 1.27 How Background Processing Works.............................................................................................45 ............................................................................................................................................................................46 1.28 Some Gotchas with Background Processing.................................................................................46 ............................................................................................................................................................................48 1.29 When Is a File Not a File?.............................................................................................................48 ............................................................................................................................................................................49 1.30 Redirecting Input and Output.........................................................................................................49 ............................................................................................................................................................................50 1.31 The X Window System..................................................................................................................50 ............................................................................................................................................................................51 1.32 One Big Hole................................................................................................................................51 ............................................................................................................................................................................52 1.33 UNIX Networking and Communications......................................................................................52 ............................................................................................................................................................................54 1.34 What's Wrong with UNIX.............................................................................................................54 ............................................................................................................................................................................55 2. Logging In.....................................................................................................................................................56 2.1 Customizing the Shell......................................................................................................................56 ............................................................................................................................................................................57 2.2 Shell Setup Files−Which, Where, and Why....................................................................................57 2.2.1 Bourne Shell....................................................................................................................57 2.2.2 C Shell.............................................................................................................................57 2.2.3 Korn Shell........................................................................................................................58 2.2.4 bash.................................................................................................................................58 2.2.5 tcsh..................................................................................................................................58 ............................................................................................................................................................................59 2.3 What Goes in Shell Setup Files?......................................................................................................59 ............................................................................................................................................................................61 2.4 Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready...................................................................61 ............................................................................................................................................................................62 2.5 Tips for Speeding up Slow Logins..................................................................................................62 2.5.1 Quick Login.....................................................................................................................62 2.5.2 A Second Alias and Command File.................................................................................63 2.5.3 Once−a−Day Setup..........................................................................................................63 ............................................................................................................................................................................65 2.6 Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files.................................................................................65 ............................................................................................................................................................................66 2.7 C Shell Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want Them to Be?.....................................................66 ............................................................................................................................................................................68 2.8 Identifying Login Shells..................................................................................................................68 ............................................................................................................................................................................69 2.9 Speeding Up Your C Shell with set prompt Test.............................................................................69 ............................................................................................................................................................................70 2.10 Gotchas in set prompt Test............................................................................................................70 ............................................................................................................................................................................72 2.11 Faster ksh and bash Startup with $− Test......................................................................................72 .............................................76 2.13 A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup.......................................................................................76 ............................................................................................................................................................................77 2.14 motd.diff: Show New Lines in Login Messages............................................................................77 ............................................................................................................................................................................79 2.15 Unclutter Logins: Show Login Messages Just Once.....................................................................79 ............................................................................................................................................................................80 2.16 Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell.........................................................................80 ............................................................................................................................................................................83 3. Logging Out..................................................................................................................................................84 3.1 Running Commands When You Log Out........................................................................................84 ............................................................................................................................................................................86 3.2 Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout.........................................................................86 ............................................................................................................................................................................87 3.3 Electronic Fortune Cookies..............................................................................................................87 ............................................................................................................................................................................88 3.4 Automatic File Cleanup...................................................................................................................88 ............................................................................................................................................................................89 3.5 Stop Accidental C Shell Logouts.....................................................................................................89 ............................................................................................................................................................................90 3.6 Stop Accidental Bourne Shell Logouts............................................................................................90 ............................................................................................................................................................................91 3.7 Detaching a Session with screen......................................................................................................91 ............................................................................................................................................................................92 3.8 What tty Am I On?...........................................................................................................................92 ............................................................................................................................................................................93 4. Organizing Your Home Directory...............................................................................................................94 4.1 What? Me, Organized?....................................................................................................................94 ............................................................................................................................................................................95 4.2 A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts..............................................................................95 ............................................................................................................................................................................96 4.3 Organizing Nonexecutable Scripts..................................................................................................96 ............................................................................................................................................................................97 4.4 Directories for Emacs Hacks...........................................................................................................97 ............................................................................................................................................................................98 4.5 Private (Personal) Directories..........................................................................................................98 ............................................................................................................................................................................99 4.6 Naming Files...................................................................................................................................99 ..........................................................................................................................................................................100 4.7 Make More Directories!.................................................................................................................100 ..........................................................................................................................................................................102 4.8 Making Directories Made Easier...................................................................................................102 ..........................................................................................................................................................................104 4.9 Setting Up vi with the .exrc File....................................................................................................104 ..........................................................................................................................................................................105 4.10 Find All Command Versions with whereiz.................................................................................105 5. Setting Up Your Terminal.........................................................................................................................108 5.1 There's a Lot to Know About Terminals.......................................................................................108 ..........................................................................................................................................................................109 5.2 The Idea of a Terminal Database...................................................................................................109 ..........................................................................................................................................................................111 5.3 Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In...............................................................................111 ..........................................................................................................................................................................114 5.4 Setting the TERMCAP Variable with tset.....................................................................................114 ..........................................................................................................................................................................115 5.5 Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm...........................................................................................115 ..........................................................................................................................................................................118 5.6 Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In....................................................................................118 ..........................................................................................................................................................................120 5.7 What termcap and terminfo Do and Don't Control........................................................................120 ..........................................................................................................................................................................121 5.8 Terminal Escape Sequences...........................................................................................................121 ..........................................................................................................................................................................123 5.9 Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters........................................................................123 ..........................................................................................................................................................................125 5.10 Finding What Terminal Names You Can Use.............................................................................125 ..........................................................................................................................................................................127 5.11 Initializing the Terminal with tset................................................................................................127 ..........................................................................................................................................................................128 5.12 Initializing the Terminal with tput...............................................................................................128 ..........................................................................................................................................................................130 6. Shell and Environment Variables..............................................................................................................131 6.1 What Environment Variables Are Good For.................................................................................131 ..........................................................................................................................................................................133 6.2 Parent−Child Relationships...........................................................................................................133 ..........................................................................................................................................................................134 6.3 Predefined Environment Variables................................................................................................134 ..........................................................................................................................................................................136 6.4 The PATH Environment Variable.................................................................................................136 ..........................................................................................................................................................................138 6.5 PATH and path.............................................................................................................................138 ..........................................................................................................................................................................139 6.6 The TZ Environment Variable.......................................................................................................139 ..........................................................................................................................................................................140 6.7 What Time Is It in Japan?..............................................................................................................140 ..........................................................................................................................................................................141 6.8 Shell Variables..............................................................................................................................141 ..........................................................................................................................................................................143 6.9 Special C Shell Variables...............................................................................................................143 ..........................................................................................................................................................................146 6.10 Running a Command with a Temporarily Different Environment..............................................146 ..........................................................................................................................................................................147 7. Setting Your Shell Prompt.........................................................................................................................148 7.1 Why Change Your Prompt?...........................................................................................................148 7.2 Basics of Setting the Prompt..........................................................................................................149 ..........................................................................................................................................................................150 7.3 C Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc............................................................................150 ..........................................................................................................................................................................151 7.4 Faster Prompt Setting with Built−Ins............................................................................................151 ..........................................................................................................................................................................153 7.5 Multiline Shell Prompts.................................................................................................................153 ..........................................................................................................................................................................155 7.6 Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line.....................................................................155 ..........................................................................................................................................................................157 7.7 A "Menu Prompt" for Naive Users................................................................................................157 ..........................................................................................................................................................................158 7.8 Highlighting in Shell Prompts.......................................................................................................158 ..........................................................................................................................................................................160 7.9 Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL.............................................................................................160 ..........................................................................................................................................................................162 7.10 What Good Is a Blank Shell Prompt?..........................................................................................162 ..........................................................................................................................................................................163 7.11 dirs in Your Prompt: Better than $cwd........................................................................................163 ..........................................................................................................................................................................165 7.12 External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables....................................................................165 ..........................................................................................................................................................................167 7.13 Pre−Prompt Commands in bash..................................................................................................167 ..........................................................................................................................................................................169 8. How the Shell Interprets What You Type................................................................................................170 8.1 What the Shell Does.......................................................................................................................170 ..........................................................................................................................................................................172 8.2 Introduction to bash.......................................................................................................................172 ..........................................................................................................................................................................174 8.3 Introduction to tcsh........................................................................................................................174 ..........................................................................................................................................................................176 8.4 Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files...........................................................176 ..........................................................................................................................................................................177 8.5 Command−Line Evaluation...........................................................................................................177 ..........................................................................................................................................................................180 8.6 Output Command−Line Arguments..............................................................................................180 8.6.1 Portability......................................................................................................................180 8.6.2 Making Error Messages.................................................................................................181 ..........................................................................................................................................................................182 8.7 Setting Your Search Path...............................................................................................................182 8.7.1 Setting Path in Shell Setup Files....................................................................................182 8.7.2 Changing Path on the Command Line...........................................................................183 ..........................................................................................................................................................................184 8.8 A Directory for Commands You Shouldn't Run............................................................................184 ..........................................................................................................................................................................186 8.9 Wildcards Inside of Aliases...........................................................................................................186 ..........................................................................................................................................................................187 8.10 eval: When You Need Another Chance.......................................................................................187 8.11 Which One Will bash Use?..........................................................................................................189 ..........................................................................................................................................................................191 8.12 Which One Will the C Shell Use?...............................................................................................191 ..........................................................................................................................................................................193 8.13 Is It "2>&1 file" or "> file 2>&1"? Why?...................................................................................193 ..........................................................................................................................................................................194 8.14 Bourne Shell Quoting..................................................................................................................194 8.14.1 Special Characters........................................................................................................194 8.14.2 How Quoting Works....................................................................................................194 8.14.3 Single Quotes Inside Single Quotes?...........................................................................196 8.14.4 Multiline Quoting........................................................................................................196 ..........................................................................................................................................................................198 8.15 Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting.....................................................................198 8.15.1 Special Characters........................................................................................................198 8.15.2 How Quoting Works....................................................................................................198 ..........................................................................................................................................................................200 8.16 Quoting Handles Special Characters in Filenames......................................................................200 ..........................................................................................................................................................................201 8.17 verbose and echo Variables Show Quoting.................................................................................201 ..........................................................................................................................................................................202 8.18 Here Documents..........................................................................................................................202 ..........................................................................................................................................................................204 8.19 "Special" Characters and Operators.............................................................................................204 ..........................................................................................................................................................................207 8.20 How Many Backslashes?.............................................................................................................207 ..........................................................................................................................................................................209 9. Saving Time on the Command Line..........................................................................................................210 9.1 What's Special About the UNIX Command Line..........................................................................210 ..........................................................................................................................................................................212 9.2 Fix a Line Faster with Line−Kill and Word−Erase.......................................................................212 ..........................................................................................................................................................................213 9.3 Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL−r............................................................................213 ..........................................................................................................................................................................214 9.4 Use Wildcards to Create Files?......................................................................................................214 ..........................................................................................................................................................................215 9.5 Build Strings with { } ...................................................................................................................215 ..........................................................................................................................................................................217 9.6 String Editing (Colon) Operators...................................................................................................217 ..........................................................................................................................................................................220 9.7 String Editing in ksh and bash.......................................................................................................220 ..........................................................................................................................................................................222 9.8 Filename Completion: Faster Filename Typing............................................................................222 ..........................................................................................................................................................................224 9.9 Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion......................................................................224 ..........................................................................................................................................................................225 9.10 Filename Completion Isn't Always the Answer..........................................................................225 ..........................................................................................................................................................................226 9.11 Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop................................................................................226 9.12 The Bourne Shell for Loop..........................................................................................................228 ..........................................................................................................................................................................230 9.13 Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts..................................................................................230 ..........................................................................................................................................................................232 9.14 Using Here Documents for Form Letters, etc..............................................................................232 ..........................................................................................................................................................................233 9.15 Throwaway Scripts for Complicated Commands........................................................................233 ..........................................................................................................................................................................234 9.16 Command Substitution................................................................................................................234 ..........................................................................................................................................................................236 9.17 Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files..............................................................................236 ..........................................................................................................................................................................237 9.18 Process Substitution....................................................................................................................237 9.18.1 bash Process Substitution.............................................................................................237 9.18.2 Automatic Temporary Files with !...............................................................................238 ..........................................................................................................................................................................240 9.19 For the Impatient: Type−Ahead...................................................................................................240 ..........................................................................................................................................................................242 9.20 Too Many Files for the Command Line......................................................................................242 ..........................................................................................................................................................................244 9.21 Handle Too−Long Command Lines with xargs..........................................................................244 ..........................................................................................................................................................................246 9.22 xargs: Problems with Spaces and Newlines.................................................................................246 ..........................................................................................................................................................................248 9.23 Workaround for "Arguments too long" Error..............................................................................248 ..........................................................................................................................................................................249 9.24 Get File List by Editing Output of ls −l, grep, etc.......................................................................249 9.24.1 What Files Have I Just Edited?....................................................................................249 9.24.2 Search for Text with grep............................................................................................250 ..........................................................................................................................................................................252 9.25 The C Shell repeat Command......................................................................................................252 ..........................................................................................................................................................................254 9.26 Expect.........................................................................................................................................254 9.26.1 Dialback.......................................................................................................................254 9.26.2 Automating /bin/passwd..............................................................................................255 9.26.3 Testing: A Story...........................................................................................................256 9.26.4 Other Problems............................................................................................................256 ..........................................................................................................................................................................257 10. Aliases........................................................................................................................................................258 10.1 Creating Custom Commands.......................................................................................................258 ..........................................................................................................................................................................259 10.2 Aliases for Common Commands.................................................................................................259 10.2.1 Simple Aliases.............................................................................................................259 10.2.2 Using More Complex Aliases......................................................................................259 10.2.3 Setting Aliases Automatically, Unsetting Aliases.......................................................260 ..........................................................................................................................................................................262 10.3 C Shell Aliases with Command−Line Arguments.......................................................................262 ..........................................................................................................................................................................264 10.4 Aliases in ksh and bash................................................................................................................264 10.5 Sourceable Scripts........................................................................................................................265 ..........................................................................................................................................................................267 10.6 Avoiding C Shell Alias Loops.....................................................................................................267 ..........................................................................................................................................................................269 10.7 How to Put if−then−else in a C Shell Alias.................................................................................269 ..........................................................................................................................................................................270 10.8 Fix Quoting in csh Aliases with makealias and quote.................................................................270 ..........................................................................................................................................................................271 10.9 Shell Functions...........................................................................................................................271 ..........................................................................................................................................................................272 10.10 Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases.........................................................................272 ..........................................................................................................................................................................273 11. The Lessons of History............................................................................................................................274 11.1 The Lessons of History................................................................................................................274 ..........................................................................................................................................................................276 11.2 History in a Nutshell....................................................................................................................276 ..........................................................................................................................................................................278 11.3 My Favorite Is !$.........................................................................................................................278 ..........................................................................................................................................................................279 11.4 My Favorite Is !:n*......................................................................................................................279 ..........................................................................................................................................................................280 11.5 My Favorite Is ^^.........................................................................................................................280 ..........................................................................................................................................................................281 11.6 Using !$ for Safety with Wildcards.............................................................................................281 ..........................................................................................................................................................................282 11.7 History Substitutions...................................................................................................................282 ..........................................................................................................................................................................287 11.8 Repeating a Cycle of Commands.................................................................................................287 ..........................................................................................................................................................................288 11.9 Running a Series of Commands on a File....................................................................................288 ..........................................................................................................................................................................289 11.10 Check Your History First with :p..............................................................................................289 ..........................................................................................................................................................................290 11.11 Picking Up Where You Left Off................................................................................................290 11.11.1 bash and ksh...............................................................................................................290 11.11.2 C Shell........................................................................................................................291 ..........................................................................................................................................................................292 11.12 Pass History to Another Shell....................................................................................................292 ..........................................................................................................................................................................293 11.13 Shell Command−Line Editing...................................................................................................293 ..........................................................................................................................................................................295 11.14 More Ways to Do Interactive History Editing...........................................................................295 11.14.1 In the C Shell: redo....................................................................................................295 11.14.2 In ksh and bash: fc.....................................................................................................296 ..........................................................................................................................................................................297 11.15 Changing C Shell History Characters with histchars.................................................................297 ..........................................................................................................................................................................298 11.16 Instead of Changing History Characters....................................................................................298 12. Job Control...............................................................................................................................................300 12.1 Job Control: Work Faster, Stop Runaway Jobs...........................................................................300 12.1.1 Foreground and Background.......................................................................................300 ..........................................................................................................................................................................303 12.2 Other Ways to Refer to Jobs........................................................................................................303 ..........................................................................................................................................................................305 12.3 The "Current Job" Isn't Always What You Expect......................................................................305 ..........................................................................................................................................................................306 12.4 Job Control and autowrite: Real Time Savers!............................................................................306 ..........................................................................................................................................................................307 12.5 System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs............................................................................307 ..........................................................................................................................................................................308 12.6 Notification When Jobs Change State.........................................................................................308 ..........................................................................................................................................................................309 12.7 Stop Background Output with stty tostop....................................................................................309 ..........................................................................................................................................................................310 12.8 Job Control in a Nutshell.............................................................................................................310 ..........................................................................................................................................................................312 12.9 Running Multiple Shell Sessions with screen..............................................................................312 ..........................................................................................................................................................................314 13. Redirecting Input and Output.................................................................................................................315 13.1 Using Standard Input and Output................................................................................................315 ..........................................................................................................................................................................318 13.2 One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough........................................................................................318 ..........................................................................................................................................................................319 13.3 Send (only) Standard Error Down a Pipe....................................................................................319 ..........................................................................................................................................................................320 13.4 Problems Piping to a Pager..........................................................................................................320 ..........................................................................................................................................................................322 13.5 Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?..............................................................................322 ..........................................................................................................................................................................323 13.6 Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber...........................................................................................323 ..........................................................................................................................................................................325 13.7 The () Subshell Operators............................................................................................................325 13.7.1 Combining Several Commands...................................................................................325 13.7.2 Temporary Change of Directory and Environment.....................................................325 ..........................................................................................................................................................................327 13.8 Using {list} to Group Bourne Shell Commands..........................................................................327 ..........................................................................................................................................................................329 13.9 Send Output Two or More Places with tee..................................................................................329 ..........................................................................................................................................................................330 13.10 How to tee Several Commands Into One File...........................................................................330 ..........................................................................................................................................................................331 13.11 tpipe−Redirecting stdout to More than One Place.....................................................................331 ..........................................................................................................................................................................333 13.12

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