ORACLE 的C API

Oracle应用Linux开发C

•      陈越
  
  随着Linux操作系统的不断完善与发展，出现了大量基于 Linux平台的应用开发，原有的基于UNIX平台的商业软件也不断被移植到Linux上来。最典型的，Oracle公司宣布，他的现有的及未来所有的数据库产品和商业应用都将支持Linux平台。本文所述OCI for Linux的C语言库，正是Linux平台上Oracle的C语言接口。
  我们知道，在一个复杂的Oracle数据库应用中，C程序代码由于其语言本身的灵活性、高效性，往往被加入到其商务逻辑的核心层模块中。Oracle数据库对C语言的接口就是OCI(Oracle Common Interface) C-Library，该库是一个功能十分强大的数据库操作模块。它支持事务处理，单事务中的多连接多数据源操作，支持数据的对象访问、存储过程的调用等一系列高级应用，并对Oracle下的多种附加产品提供接口。但是我们发现，为了使OCI库在多种平台上保持统一的风格并考虑向下兼容性，Oracle对大量的C语言类型和代码进行了重新封装，这使得OCI库初看上去显得纷繁复杂，初用者不知从何下手。由Kai Poitschke开发的Libsqlora8库初步解决了这一问题，它使得在Linux下Oracle的非高端C语言开发变得比较方便易用。
  Libsqlora8 for *nix是GNU/Linux组织开发的针对Oracle8 OCI library的易用性C语言封装。它将大量的OCI数据类型表现为通用C语言数据类型，将OCI函数按类型重新分类封装，大大减少了函数的调用步骤和程序代码量。Libsqlora8还有许多引人注目的特性:
  易于使用的动态SQL特性；
  同一连接中具有不同变量绑定的游标的重复打开；
  相同事务中的多数据库连接；
  Oracle数据库应用开发中的Build-in trace功能；
  正确处理数据插入操作中的数组变量问题；
  多平台支持Oracle 8.0.4(HP-UX 9), Oracle 8.05(GNU/Linux), Oracle 8.1.6(GNU/Linux)等；
  可以作为静态或动态形式链接进入应用程序。
  下面我们分步骤详细阐述如何在Linux平台上利用Libsqlora8函数库开发Oracle数据库应用。
  1.安装Linux操作系统，并对新系统进行适当的系统配置。在本例中我们选用RedHat Linux 6.2操作系统。在为系统分区时，我们为Oracle数据库专门分出两个分区：/u01,/u02,作为Oracle数据库的系统软件和数据库文件的安装点。安装好系统后，我们为系统增添两个新组：oinstall和dba,并创建一个新用户Oracle，他拥有整个数据库系统软件。这里就不详细说明了。
  2.下面我们应该安装Oracle数据库了，这次我们选用Oracle 8.1.6版本，该版数据库对国际化有很好的支持。在安装数据库之前，我们要先对Oracle用户进行一些设置。主要是在该用户的启动脚本中，加入一些必要的环境变量，在本例中可以如下设置：
  ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
  ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/8.1.6
  ORACLE_SID=oratest
  PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/bin:/etc:/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
  export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_HOME ORACLE_SID PATH
  3.Oracle 8.1.6的数据库安装是比较简单的，我们选择缺省安装，在系统的提示下逐一完成安装过程。注意，Oracle8i对系统的要求是比较高的,特别是内存，在一些特殊应用中，要修改系统的缺省设置以提高数据库性能。有关数据库调优的讨论与本文无关，在此就不再详细介绍了。启动数据库，好了，现在我们可以用sqlplus登录数据库，可以看到，缺省安装的Oracle数据库有一类OCITest数据库表，就使用这些表作为我们例子中的缺省表。
  4.安装Libsqlora8库函数。该库函数当前版本为Libsqlora8-2.1.5，可从许多Linux网站上得到，也可从 http://www.china-linux.org上下载libsqlora8-2.1.5.tar.gz源程序包。按以下步骤安装：
  $>tar -xzvf libsqlora8-2.1.5.tar.gz
  $>cd libsqlora8-2.1.5
  $>LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
  $>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  $>./configure
  $>make
  $>make install
  对于要使用Oracle build-in trace功能的开发者，还要将以下环境变量设置好，SQLORA_TRACE_LEVEL，SOLORA_TRACE_FILE，SQLORA_ARRAYSIZE，当然，ORACLE_SID是一定要设好的。
  5.下面，我们介绍一下Libsqlora8的主要函数。
  1)int sqlo_init(int threaded_mode) 初始化程序库接口，读出环境变量，设置相应的全局变量。当前，threaded_mode设为0。
  2)int sqlo_connect(int * dbh, char * connect_str) 连接数据库，dbh为数据库连接描述符，connect_str为用户名/口令字符串。
  3)int sqlo_finish(int dbh) 断开数据库连接。
  4)int sqlo_open(int dbh, char * stmt, int argc, char *argv[]) 打开由stmt确定的查询语句所返回的游标。Argc,argv为查询的参数，后面我们将用更清晰的方法传递参数。
  5)int sqlo_close(int sth) 关闭由上一个函数打开的游标。
  6)int sqlo_fetch(int sth) 从打开的游标中获取一条记录，并将之存入一个已分配内存空间中。
  7)const char **sqlo_values(int sth, int *numbalues, int dostrip) 从内存中返回上一次sqlo_fetch取得的值，是以字符串形式返回的。
  8)以下介绍另一种检索方式，int sqlo_prepare(int dbh, char const *stmt)，返回一个打开的游标sth。
  9)int sqlo_bind_by_name(int sth, const char * param_name, int param_type, const void * param_addr, unsigned int param_size, short * ind_arr, int is_array) 将查询语句的传入参数，按照名字的形式与函数中的变量绑定。如果你使用数组，那么参数param_addr和ind_arr必须指向该数组。
  int sqlo_bind_by_pos(int sth, int param_pos, int param_type, const void * param_addr, unsigned int param_size, short * ind_arr, int is_array) 将查询语句的传出值，按照位置顺序与函数中的变量绑定。
  10)int sqlo_execute(int sth, int iterations) 执行查询语句。“Iterations”可设为“1”。
  11)在执行完数据库操作后，我们可用int sqlo_commit (int dbh)提交操作，或用int sqlo_rollback(int dbh)回滚操作。
  12)Libsqlora8还有其他一些操作函数，这里就不一一列出了。
  下面举几个例子说明这些函数如何使用。
  cstr = "ocitest/ocitest"; //用户名/口令
  status = sqlo_init(0);
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != status)
  { printf ("sql_init failed. Exiting/n");
  exit(1);
  }
  status = sqlo_connect(&dbh, cstr); // int dbh
  以上源代码，显示了如何连接数据库。
  /* Select all and display */
  char *select_stmt="SELECT cname, clength, colid FROM ocicolu";
  if (0>(sd = sqlo_open(dbh, select_stmt, 0, NULL)))
  { printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  while (0 == sqlo_fetch(sd,1))
  { v = sqlo_values(sd, NULL, 1);
  printf("Result: %s/n",v);
  }
  if (0 > sqlo_close(sd))
  { printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  以上例子展示了第一种查询方法，显然，这种方法较简单，但不够灵活。
  char *update_stmt =
  "UPDATE ocitest.upload_log SET upload_fresh = where log_name = :1";
  if (0 <= (sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, update_stmt)))
  { if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":1", SQLOT_STR, packet_name, 64, NULL, 0)
  ))
  { printf("sqlo_bind_param failed failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  }
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_execute(sth, 1))
  { printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  上面的代码显示了如何通过名字绑定变量，“：1”在Oracle SQL语句中表示为一个变量（名字随意），在sqlo_bind_by_name函数中与packet_name变量绑定。在变量绑定完毕后，就可以调用sqlo_execute函数来执行这个SQL语句。
  好了，我们已经向大家介绍了Libsqlora8的基本使用方法，如果希望了解更多内容，Libsqlora8的程序包中带有详细的说明和例子，大家不妨自己钻研一下。有什么心得，欢迎和我联系。E-mail： nick_chen@yeah.net
  
  
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * testlora.c
  * Test programm for libsqlora8(Kai Poitschke)
  * Assuming you installed the library with prefix=/usr/local, the command
  * to compile this is:
  * gcc -o sample sample.c -lsqlora8 -L$ORACLE_HOME/lib -lclntsh
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <signal.h>
  
  #include "sqlora.h"
  
  #define MAX_ITERS 10
  
  #define MAX_LOOPS 1 /* how many time we run the tests */
  
  #define CLOSE_CURSOR 1
  
  
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * create our test table
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int create_table( int dbh )
  {
  int nkey;
  char ckey[6];
  double nval;
  char cval[21];
  char dval[11];
  
  int sth;
  
  char * create_table =
  "CREATE TABLE T_SQLORA_TEST (/n"
  "NKEY NUMBER(8) NOT NULL,/n"
  "CKEY VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,/n"
  "NVAL NUMBER(16,4) NULL,/n"
  "CVAL VARCHAR2(20) NULL,/n"
  "DVAL DATE)";
  
  
  /* Check if the table already exists */
  if (SQLO_NO_DATA ==
  sqlo_exists(dbh, "USER_TABLES", "TABLE_NAME", "T_SQLORA_TEST", NULL))
  {
  /* No, create it */
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_exec(dbh, create_table))
  {
  printf("create_table failed: %s/n%s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh),
  create_table);
  return 0;
  }
  printf("Table T_SQLORA_TEST created/n");
  }
  
  return 1;
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Query the test table
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int do_select( int dbh )
  {
  int sd;
  const char **v;
  int argc;
  const char *argv[1];
  char * select_stmt =
  "SELECT NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL FROM T_SQLORA_TEST WHERE NKEY >= :1";
  
  argc = 0;
  argv[argc++] = "0";
  
  /* Select all and display */
  if (0>(sd = sqlo_open(dbh, select_stmt, argc, argv)))
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  /* sqlo_print(sd);*/
  while (0 == sqlo_fetch(sd,1))
  {
  v = sqlo_values(sd, NULL, 1);
  printf("%4s%6s%19s%21s%11s/n", v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3], v[4]);
  }
  
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (0 > sqlo_close(sd))
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  return 1;
  
  }
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Select with prepare/execute/fetch.
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_select2( int dbh )
  {
  int sth;
  int nkey[MAX_ITERS];
  char ckey[MAX_ITERS][6];
  double nval[MAX_ITERS];
  char cval[MAX_ITERS][21];
  char dval[MAX_ITERS][11];
  int wc = 1;
  int status;
  int i;
  
  short nkeyl[MAX_ITERS];
  short ckeyl[MAX_ITERS];
  short nvall[MAX_ITERS];
  short cvall[MAX_ITERS];
  short dvall[MAX_ITERS];
  
  int rows_fetched = 0;
  int rows_fetched_total = 0;
  int rows_to_fetch;
  int done_fetching = 0;
  
  char * select_stmt =
  "SELECT NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL FROM T_SQLORA_TEST WHERE NKEY >= :1";
  
  printf("Test select via classic methods/n");
  /* Select all and display */
  if (0>(sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, select_stmt)))
  {
  printf("sqlo_prepare failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  /* Bind input */
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":1", SQLOT_INT, &wc, sizeof(int), NULL, 0)))
  {
  printf("sqlo_bind_by_name failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  /* Define Output */
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_define_by_pos(sth, 1, SQLOT_INT, nkey, sizeof(int),0,nkeyl, 1) ||
  sqlo_define_by_pos(sth, 2, SQLOT_STR, ckey[0], 6, 0, ckeyl, 1) ||
  sqlo_define_by_pos(sth, 3, SQLOT_FLT, nval, sizeof(double),0,nvall,1) ||
  sqlo_define_by_pos(sth, 4, SQLOT_STR, cval[0], 21, 0, cvall, 1) ||
  sqlo_define_by_pos(sth, 5, SQLOT_STR, dval[0], 11, 0, dvall, 1)))
  {
  printf("sqlo_define_by_pos failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  rows_to_fetch = 3;
  rows_fetched = rows_to_fetch;
  
  status = sqlo_execute(sth, rows_to_fetch);
  
  if (status < 0)
  {
  printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return(0);
  }
  else if (status == SQLO_NO_DATA)
  {
  /* arrays were filled fully. Get rowcount */
  rows_fetched = sqlo_prows(sth);
  done_fetching = 1;
  printf("Execute fetched all %d rows/n", rows_fetched);
  
  printf("Fetched all in one go/n");
  
  for (i = 0; i < rows_fetched; ++i)
  {
  printf("%3d %5s %19f %20s %10s/n",
  nkey[i], ckey[i], nval[i], cval[i], dval[i]);
  }
  }
  
  for (i = 0; i < rows_fetched; ++i)
  {
  if (!i)
  printf("Execute fetched %d rows/n", rows_fetched);
  
  printf("%3d %5s %19f %20s %10s/n",
  nkey[i], ckey[i], nval[i], cval[i], dval[i]);
  }
  
  rows_fetched_total += rows_fetched;
  rows_to_fetch = 4;
  
  while(!done_fetching)
  {
  rows_fetched = rows_to_fetch;
  status = sqlo_fetch(sth, rows_to_fetch);
  if (status < 0)
  {
  printf("sqlo_fetch failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  if (status == SQLO_NO_DATA)
  {
  rows_fetched = sqlo_prows(sth);
  
  if (rows_fetched_total == rows_fetched)
  {
  /* no new fetches */
  done_fetching = 1;
  rows_fetched = 0;
  }
  else
  {
  rows_fetched = rows_fetched - rows_fetched_total;
  done_fetching = 1;
  }
  printf("sqlo_fetch fetched last %d rows/n", rows_fetched);
  }
  else if (status == SQLO_SUCCESS)
  {
  printf("sqlo_fetch fetched %d rows/n", rows_fetched);
  
  }
  else
  {
  printf("sqlo_fetch failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  for (i = 0; i < rows_fetched; ++i)
  {
  printf("%3d %5s %19f %20s %10s/n",
  nkey[i], ckey[i], nval[i], cval[i], dval[i]);
  }
  rows_fetched_total += rows_fetched;
  }
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (0 > sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_close failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  return 1;
  
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_reopen
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_reopen( int dbh )
  {
  int sth;
  const char **v;
  int argc;
  const char *argv[1];
  char * select_stmt =
  "SELECT NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL FROM T_SQLORA_TEST WHERE NKEY >= :1";
  
  argc = 0;
  argv[argc++] = "0";
  
  /* Select all and display */
  if (0>(sth = sqlo_open(dbh, select_stmt, argc, argv)))
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  while (0 == sqlo_fetch(sth,1))
  {
  v = sqlo_values(sth, NULL, 1);
  printf("%s|%6s%19s%21s%11s/n", v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3], v[4]);
  }
  
  argv[0] = "5";
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_reopen(sth, argc, argv))
  {
  printf("sqlo_reopen failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  printf("Fetch again/n");
  
  while (0 == sqlo_fetch(sth,1))
  {
  v = sqlo_values(sth, NULL, 0);
  printf("%s|%6s%19s%21s%11s/n", v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3], v[4]);
  }
  
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (0 > sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  return 1;
  
  }
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_plsql
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_plsql( int dbh )
  {
  int ip2, op1;
  double ip1;
  char op2[40];
  
  char * create_pack =
  "CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE SQLORA_TEST IS/n"
  " PROCEDURE P1(ip1 IN NUMBER, ip2 IN NUMBER, op1 OUT NUMBER, op2 OUT VARCHAR);/n"
  "END;/n";
  
  char * create_pack_body =
  "CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY SQLORA_TEST IS/n"
  " PROCEDURE P1(ip1 IN NUMBER, ip2 IN NUMBER, op1 OUT NUMBER, op2 OUT VARCHAR)/n"
  " IS /n"
  " BEGIN/n"
  " op1 := TO_NUMBER(ip1) + ip2;/n"
  " op2 := TO_CHAR(op1);/n"
  " END;/n"
  "END;/n";
  
  char * stmt =
  "BEGIN/n"
  " SQLORA_TEST.P1(:ip1, :ip2, :op1, :op2);/n"
  "END;/n";
  
  int sth;
  
  printf("Testing PL/SQL procedure/n");
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_exec(dbh, create_pack))
  {
  printf("sqlo_exec failed: %s/n%s/n",sqlo_geterror(dbh), create_pack );
  return 0;
  }
  
  printf("Package created/n");
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_exec(dbh, create_pack_body))
  {
  printf("sqlo_exec failed: %s/n%s/n",sqlo_geterror(dbh), create_pack_body );
  return 0;
  }
  
  printf("Package body created/n");
  
  ip1 = 1.123456789012345;
  ip2 = 20;
  op1 = 0;
  *op2 = 0;
  
  if (0 <= (sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, stmt)))
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":ip1", SQLOT_FLT, &ip1, sizeof(ip1),0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":ip2", SQLOT_INT, &ip2, sizeof(ip2),0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":op1", SQLOT_INT, &op1, sizeof(op1),0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":op2", SQLOT_STR, op2, sizeof(op2),0,0)
  ))
  {
  printf("sqlo_bind_param failed failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  else
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_execute(sth, 1))
  {
  printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  }
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_close failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  printf ("ip1: %.16f, ip2: %d, op1: %d, op2: %s/n", ip1, ip2, op1, op2);
  }
  else
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: Status: %d, %s/n", sth, sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  return 1;
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_insert with bind by pos
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_insert( int dbh )
  {
  int nkey;
  char ckey[6];
  double nval;
  char cval[21];
  char dval[11];
  
  int sth;
  
  char * insert_stmt =
  "INSERT INTO T_SQLORA_TEST (NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL) VALUES (:NKEY, :CKEY, :NVAL, :CVAL, :DVAL)";
  
  
  
  printf("Testing Insert (bind by pos)/n");
  
  if (!create_table(dbh))
  return 0;
  
  nkey = 100;
  strcpy(ckey, "CKEY");
  nval = 1234567890.001;
  
  strcpy(cval,"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
  strcpy(dval,"01-JUL-00");
  
  if (0 <= (sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, insert_stmt)))
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 1, SQLOT_INT, &nkey, sizeof(int),0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 2, SQLOT_STR, ckey, 6,0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 3, SQLOT_FLT, &nval, sizeof(double),0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 4, SQLOT_STR, cval, 21,0,0) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 5, SQLOT_STR, dval, 11,0,0)
  ))
  {
  printf("sqlo_bind_param failed failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  else
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_execute(sth, 1))
  {
  printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  }
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_close failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  do_select(dbh);
  }
  else
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: Status: %d, %s/n", sth, sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  
  printf("finished test_insert/n");
  return 1;
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_array_insert
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_array_insert( int dbh )
  {
  int nkey[MAX_ITERS];
  char ckey[MAX_ITERS][6];
  double nval[MAX_ITERS];
  char cval[MAX_ITERS][21];
  char dval[MAX_ITERS][11];
  
  short nind[MAX_ITERS];
  short cind[MAX_ITERS];
  short dind[MAX_ITERS];
  
  int sth, i, j;
  int status;
  
  char * insert_stmt =
  "INSERT INTO T_SQLORA_TEST (NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL) VALUES (:NKEY, :CKEY, :NVAL, :CVAL, :DVAL)";
  
  printf("Testing Array Insert (bind by name)/n");
  
  
  if (!create_table(dbh))
  return 0;
  
  /* setup bind arrays */
  for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX_ITERS; i++)
  {
  nkey[i] = i+1;
  sprintf(ckey[i], "%c", A + i % 26 );
  nval[i] = 1234567890.0 + i / 1000.0;
  for (j = 0; j < 20; j++)
  cval[i][j] = a + i % 26;
  cval[i][20] = /;
  sprintf(dval[i], "%02d-JUL-00", (i % 30 ) + 1);
  
  nind[i] = 0;
  cind[i] = 0;
  dind[i] = 0;
  }
  
  if (0 <= (sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, insert_stmt)))
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":NKEY", SQLOT_INT, &nkey[0], sizeof(int), NULL,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":CKEY", SQLOT_STR, &ckey[0], 6, NULL,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":NVAL", SQLOT_FLT, &nval[0], sizeof(double), nind,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":CVAL", SQLOT_STR, &cval[0], 21, cind,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_name(sth, ":DVAL", SQLOT_STR, &dval[0], 11, dind,1)
  ))
  {
  printf("sqlo_bind_param failed failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  else
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_execute(sth, MAX_ITERS))
  {
  printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  }
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_close failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  do_select(dbh);
  }
  else
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: Status: %d, %s/n", sth, sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != (status = sqlo_commit(dbh))) {
  printf("commit failed (%d): %s/n", status, sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  return 1;
  }
  
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_array_insert2 (by pos)
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_array_insert2( int dbh )
  {
  int nkey[MAX_ITERS];
  char ckey[MAX_ITERS][6];
  double nval[MAX_ITERS];
  char cval[MAX_ITERS][21];
  char dval[MAX_ITERS][11];
  
  short nind[MAX_ITERS];
  short cind[MAX_ITERS];
  short dind[MAX_ITERS];
  
  int i, j;
  int status;
  int sth;
  
  char * insert_stmt =
  "INSERT INTO T_SQLORA_TEST (NKEY, CKEY, NVAL, CVAL, DVAL) VALUES (:NKEY, :CKEY, :NVAL, :CVAL, :DVAL)";
  
  printf("Testing Array Insert ( bind by pos)/n");
  
  
  if (!create_table(sth))
  return (0);
  
  /* setup bind arrays */
  for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX_ITERS; i++)
  {
  nkey[i] = i+1;
  sprintf(ckey[i], "%c", A + i % 26 );
  nval[i] = 1234567890.0 + i / 1000.0;
  for (j = 0; j < 20; j++)
  cval[i][j] = a + i % 26;
  cval[i][20] = /;
  sprintf(dval[i], "%02d-JUL-00", (i % 30) + 1);
  
  nind[i] = 0;
  cind[i] = 0;
  dind[i] = 0;
  }
  
  if (0 <= (sth = sqlo_prepare(dbh, insert_stmt)))
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS !=
  (sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 1, SQLOT_INT, &nkey[0], sizeof(int), NULL,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 2, SQLOT_STR, &ckey[0], 6, NULL,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 3, SQLOT_FLT, &nval[0], sizeof(double), nind,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 4, SQLOT_STR, &cval[0], 21, cind,1) ||
  sqlo_bind_by_pos(sth, 5, SQLOT_STR, &dval[0], 11, dind,1)
  ))
  {
  printf("sqlo_bind_param failed failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  else
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_execute(sth, MAX_ITERS))
  {
  printf("sqlo_execute failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  }
  #ifdef CLOSE_CURSOR
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_close(sth))
  {
  printf("sqlo_close failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  #endif
  do_select(dbh);
  }
  else
  {
  printf("sqlo_open failed: Status: %d, %s/n", sth, sqlo_geterror(dbh) );
  return 0;
  }
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != (status = sqlo_commit(dbh))) {
  printf("commit failed (%d): %s/n", status, sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  return 1;
  }
  
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_exists
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_exists(int dbh)
  {
  int status;
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS ==
  (status = sqlo_exists(dbh, "T_SQLORA_TEST", "CKEY", "B", NULL)))
  printf("test_exists(1) ok/n");
  else
  {
  printf("test_exists(1) failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS ==
  (status = sqlo_exists(dbh, "T_SQLORA_TEST", "CKEY", "xxx", NULL)))
  printf("test_exists(2) failed/n");
  else
  {
  if (status != SQLO_NO_DATA)
  {
  printf("test_exists(2) failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  else
  printf("test_exists(2) ok/n");
  
  }
  
  return 1;
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * test_count
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int test_count(int dbh)
  {
  int count;
  
  if ((count = sqlo_count(dbh, "T_SQLORA_TEST", NULL, NULL, NULL)))
  printf("test_count(1) ok/n");
  else
  {
  printf("test_count(1) failed: %s/n", sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  
  if ((count = sqlo_count(dbh, "T_SQLORA_TEST", "CKEY", "xxx", NULL)))
  {
  printf("test_count(2) failed (count=%d)/n", count);
  }
  else
  {
  if (count < 0)
  {
  printf("test_count(2) failed (count=%d): %s/n", count, sqlo_geterror(dbh));
  return 0;
  }
  else
  printf("test_count(2) ok/n");
  }
  
  return 1;
  }
  
  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * int cleanup
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  int cleanup(int dbh)
  {
  /* ignore all errors maybe they weren created */
  sqlo_exec(dbh, "DROP TABLE T_SQLORA_TEST");
  sqlo_exec(dbh, "DROP PACKAGE BODY SQLORA_TEST");
  sqlo_exec(dbh, "DROP PACKAGE SQLORA_TEST");
  return 1;
  }
  /*=========================================================================
  * main
  *=======================================================================*/
  int main (int argc, char * argv[])
  {
  int status;
  int dbh[MAX_LOOPS];
  char * cstr;
  int i;
  
  printf("-------------------------------------------------------------/n/n");
  
  if (argc > 1)
  cstr = argv[1];
  else
  cstr = "scott/tiger";
  
  status = sqlo_init(0);
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != status)
  {
  printf ("sql_init failed. Exiting/n");
  exit(1);
  }
  
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_LOOPS; i++)
  {
  status = sqlo_connect(&dbh[i], cstr);
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS == status)
  printf("Connected. dbh[i]=%d/n", dbh[i]);
  else
  {
  printf("connect failed with status: %d, %s/n", status
  , sqlo_geterror(dbh[i]));
  exit(1);
  }
  
  if (!test_plsql(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_insert(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_array_insert(dbh[i])) /* bind by name */
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_array_insert2(dbh[i])) /* bind by pos */
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_exists(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_count(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_reopen(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  if (!test_select2(dbh[i]))
  exit(1);
  
  cleanup(dbh[i]);
  
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != (status = sqlo_rollback(dbh[i])))
  printf("rollback failed (%d): %s/n", status, sqlo_geterror(dbh[i]));
  
  }
  
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_LOOPS; i++)
  {
  if (SQLO_SUCCESS != sqlo_finish(dbh[i]))
  {
  printf("sql_finish failed for dbh: %d/n%s/n", dbh[i],
  sqlo_geterror(dbh[i]));
  exit(1);
  }
  }
  return (0);
  }