Linux-----管理Linux的联网

由于我使用的是rehl8的版本,所以本文以rehl8为例。在rhel8上默认只能通过NM进行网络配置,包括动态ip和静态ip。当然,rhel8依然支持network.service,只是默认没安装,可以通过yum install network-scripts 来安装传统的network.service,不过redhat说了,在下一个rhel的大版本里将彻底废除,因此不建议用network.service。

配置网络 

        网络接口是指网络中的计算机或网络设备与其他设备实现通讯的进出口。这里,主要是指计算机的网络接口即网卡设备。
        从RHEL7开始引入了一种新的“一致网络设备命名”的方式为网络接口命名,该方式可以根据固件、拓扑、设备类型和位置信息分配固定的名字。网络接口的名称的前两个字符为网络类型符号。如en——表示以太网(Ethernet)、wl表示无线局域网(wlan)、ww表示无线广域网(wwan);接下来的字符根据设备类型或位置选择,如: 
 o——表示内置(onboard)于主板上的集成设备(即集成网卡)及索引号;
 s——表示是插在可以热拔插的插槽上的独立设备及索引号;
 x——表示基于MAC地址命名的设备;
 p——表示PCI插槽的物理位置及编号。
一个网络接口,可以有多个网络连接,但同一时间只能有一个网络连接处于活动状态。
(1)使用ip命令配置临时生效的网络连接

命令

功能

IP [-s] addr show[网卡设备名]查看网卡在网络层的配置信息,加-s表示增添显示相关统计信息
IP[-s]link show[网卡设备名]查看网卡在数据链路层的配置信息
ip [-4] addr add|del IP地址[/掩
码长度] dev 网卡连接名
ip -6 addr add|del IP地址[/掩
码长度] dev 网卡连接名
添加或删除网卡的临时IPv4地址;添加或删除网卡的临时IPv6
地址
ip link set dev 网卡的设备名
down|up 
禁用|启用指定网卡

 查看网卡在网络层的配置信息

[root@server ~]# ip -s addr show ens160
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:80:d5:dc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.240.128/24 brd 192.168.240.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1380sec preferred_lft 1380sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe80:d5dc/64 scope link noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped missed  mcast
    290172     3729     0       0       0       90
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
    131651     1331     0       0       0       0
[root@server ~]#

 查看网卡在数据链路层的配置信息

[root@server ~]# ip -s link show ens160
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:80:d5:dc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped missed  mcast
    294438     3783     0       0       0       90
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
    134597     1360     0       0       0       0
[root@server ~]#

 临时添加网卡IP地址

[root@localhost ~]# ip -4 addr add 192.168.168.20/24 dev ens160
[root@localhost ~]# ip  a
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:68:81:f3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.240.130/24 brd 192.168.240.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1622sec preferred_lft 1622sec
    inet 192.168.168.20/24 scope global ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe68:81f3/64 scope link noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

 删除临时添加的网卡IP地址

[root@localhost ~]# ip -d addr del 192.168.168.20/24 dev ens160
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:68:81:f3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.240.130/24 brd 192.168.240.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1567sec preferred_lft 1567sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe68:81f3/64 scope link noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

 禁用指定网卡

[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev ens160 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:68:81:f3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.240.130/24 brd 192.168.240.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1434sec preferred_lft 1434sec

启动指定网卡

[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev ens160 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:68:81:f3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.240.130/24 brd 192.168.240.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1798sec preferred_lft 1798sec

一个网卡可以有多个会话,但是只能在同一时间链接一个会话

nmcli命令

查看网卡设备:nmcli device

[root@server ~]# nmcli device
DEVICE      TYPE      STATE                   CONNECTION
ens160      ethernet  connected               ens160
virbr0      bridge    connected (externally)  virbr0
lo          loopback  unmanaged               --
virbr0-nic  tun       unmanaged               --
[root@server ~]#

connected:已被NM管理,并且当前有活跃的connection
disconnected:已被NM管理,但是当前没有活跃的connection
unmanaged:未被NM管理
unavailable:不可用,NM无法管理,通常出现于网卡为down的时候

查看相应会话:nmcli connection

[root@server ~]# nmcli connection
NAME    UUID                                  TYPE      DEVICE
ens160  bc0f26ad-d84b-4c77-9b29-b7c039647ea3  ethernet  ens160
virbr0  fcf63b8a-9098-4918-a142-a8920b9f6b57  bridge    virbr0
ens224  1e09d835-55b4-4078-bec8-80e50f814fc8  ethernet  --
[root@server ~]#

配置已存在会话网卡的IP地址

非交互式

[root@server ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 192.168.168.10/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.168.1 ipv4.dns 144.144.144.144 autoconnect yes
[root@server ~]# nmcli connection up ens160

交互式

[root@server ~]# nmcli connection edit ens160

===| nmcli interactive connection editor |===

Editing existing '802-3-ethernet' connection: 'ens160'

Type 'help' or '?' for available commands.
Type 'print' to show all the connection properties.
Type 'describe [<setting>.<prop>]' for detailed property description.

You may edit the following settings: connection, 802-3-ethernet (ethernet), 802-1x, dcb, sriov, ethtool, match, ipv4, ipv6, hostname, tc, proxy
nmcli> ipv4>quit

[root@server ~]# nmcli connection up ens160

添加新的会话

[root@kongd ~]# nmcli c add type ethernet con-name ethX-test ifname ethX 
ipv4.addresses '192.168.1.100/24,192.168.1.101/32'  ipv4.routes '10.0.0.0/8 
192.168.1.10,192.168.0.0/16 192.168.1.11' ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.254  ipv4.dns 
'8.8.8.8,4.4.4.4'  ipv4.method manual autoconnect yes

type ethernet:创建连接时候必须指定类型,类型有很多,可以通过nmcli c add type -h 看
到,这里指定为ethernet。
con-name ethX-test:ethX-test表示连接(connection)的名字,这个名字可以任意定义,无需
和网卡名相同
ifname ethX:ethX表示网卡名,这个ethX必须是在nmcli d 里能看到的网卡的名字
ipv4.addresses '192.168.1.100/24,192.168.1.101/32':配置2个ip地址,分别为192.168.1.100/24和192.168.1.101/32
ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.254:网关为192.168.1.254
ipv4.dns '8.8.8.8,4.4.4.4':dns为8.8.8.8和4.4.4.4
ipv4.method:默认为auto,对应网卡配置文件里的BOOTPROTO=dhcp;ipv4.method 
manual,对应网卡配置文件里的BOOTPROTO=none,即只有静态ip
autoconnect yes:对应网卡配置文件里的ONBOOT=yes

 网络测试命令

使用ping命令测试网络的连通性
命令一般格式为:ping  [选项]  <目标主机名或IP地址>
选项:
-c 数字——用于设定本命令发出的ICMP消息包的数量,若无此选项,则会无限次发送消息包直到
用户按【Ctrl+C】组合键才终止命令。
-s 字节数——设置ping命令发出的消息包的大小,默认发送的测试数据大小为56字节;自动添加8
字节的ICMP协议头后,显示的是64字节;再添加20字节的IP协议头,则显示的为84字节。最大设置
值为65507B。
-i 时间间隔——设定前后两次发送ICMP消息包之间的时间间隔,无此选项时,默认时间间隔为1
秒。为了保障本机和目标主机的安全,一般不要小于0.2秒。
-t——设置存活时间TTL(Time To Live)

[root@server ~]# ping -c3  192.168.240.128
PING 192.168.240.128 (192.168.240.128) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.074 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms

--- 192.168.240.128 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2087ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.041/0.053/0.074/0.014 ms
[root@server ~]# ping -s80 192.168.240.128
PING 192.168.240.128 (192.168.240.128) 80(108) bytes of data.
88 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.037 ms
88 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.040 ms
88 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms
88 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.040 ms
88 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms

--- 192.168.240.128 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4094ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.037/0.045/0.067/0.012 ms
[root@server ~]# ping -i2 192.168.240.128
PING 192.168.240.128 (192.168.240.128) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.032 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms

--- 192.168.240.128 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 4049ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.032/0.038/0.043/0.008 ms
[root@server ~]# ping -t225 192.168.240.128
PING 192.168.240.128 (192.168.240.128) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.039 ms

64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.240.128: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.092 ms

--- 192.168.240.128 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3056ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.039/0.053/0.092/0.023 ms
[root@server ~]#

(2)使用tracepath命令跟踪并显示网络路径
命令一般格式为:tracepath   [选项]  <目标主机名或目标IP地址>
常用选项:
 -n——对沿途各主机节点,,仅仅获取并输出IP地址,不在每个IP 地址的节点设备上通过DNS查找其主机名,以此来加快测试速度。
 -b——对沿途各主机节点同时显示IP地址和主机名。
 -l 包长度——设置初始的数据包的大小。
 -p端口号——设置UDP传输协议的端口(缺省为33434)。

[root@server ~]# tracepath -n www.baidu.com
 1?: [LOCALHOST]                      pmtu 1500
 1:  192.168.240.2                                         0.278ms
 1:  192.168.240.2                                         0.154ms
 2:  no reply

[root@server ~]# tracepath -b www.baidu.com
 1?: [LOCALHOST]                      pmtu 1500
 1:  _gateway (192.168.240.2)                              0.224ms
 1:  _gateway (192.168.240.2)                              0.280ms

[root@server ~]# tracepath -l30 www.baidu.com
 1:  _gateway                                              0.192ms

[root@server ~]# tracepath -p443 www.baidu.com
 1?: [LOCALHOST]                      pmtu 1500
 1:  _gateway                                              0.289ms
 1:  _gateway                                              0.247ms

 通过域名访问主机

1、配置静态解析,通过/etc/hosts文件实现域名解析

[root@server ~]# vim /etc/hosts
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.240.128  ceshi
[root@server ~]# ping ceshi
PING ceshi (192.168.240.128) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.053 ms
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms
64 bytes from ceshi (192.168.240.128): icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.051 ms

--- ceshi ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5120ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.041/0.045/0.053/0.006 ms

2、通过/etc/resolv.conf文件指派域名解析服务器的地址,由dns服务器做域名解析

[root@server ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain
nameserver 192.168.240.2
[root@server ~]# host www.baidu.com
www.baidu.com is an alias for www.a.shifen.com.
www.a.shifen.com has address 14.215.177.38
www.a.shifen.com has address 14.215.177.39
[root@server ~]#

 从网站下载文件 

1、wget命令用于在终端命令行里下载网络文件,英文全称为:“web get”,

语法格式为:wget [选项] 网址

选项效果
-P下载到指定目录
-t最大尝试次数
-b后台下载模式
-c断点续传
-p下载页面所有资源
-r递归下载

下载到指定目录

[root@server ~]# wget -P /root/wangzhan www.baidu.com
--2022-11-11 08:55:47--  http://www.baidu.com/
Resolving www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)... 14.215.177.38, 14.215.177.39
Connecting to www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)|14.215.177.38|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2381 (2.3K) [text/html]
Saving to: ‘/root/wangzhan/index.html’

index.html               100%[===============================>]   2.33K  --.-KB/s    in 0s

2022-11-11 08:55:48 (202 MB/s) - ‘/root/wangzhan/index.html’ saved [2381/2381]

[root@server ~]# ll /root/wangzhan
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2381 Nov 11 08:55 index.html

下载的网站信息,这里以百度为例

[root@server ~]# cat /root/wangzhan/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下,你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
[root@server ~]#

2、curl命令是一个网络工具,其主要作用是通过http、https、ftp等方式下载/上传文件

[root@server wangzhan]# curl www.baidu.com -o index.html
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  2381  100  2381    0     0   3284      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  3279
[root@server wangzhan]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2381 Nov 11 09:00 index.html
[root@server wangzhan]#

练习

1、配置网络
(1)为网卡添加一个会话static,在此会话配置ip地址为x.x.x.123
(2)测试网络连通性,看是否能够ping通百度,并把百度首页文件下载下来
(3)设置系统开机时,该网卡通过DHCP协议自动获取IP地址

为网卡添加一个会话static,在此会话配置ip地址为x.x.x.123

[root@server ]# nmcli connection add type ethernet con-name static ifname ens224 ipv4.addresses 192.168.240.130/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.240.1 ipv4.dns 192.168.240.1 ipv4.method manual autoconnect yes
[root@server wangzhan]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=192.168.240.130
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.240.1
DNS1=192.168.240.1
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=static
UUID=d017b97c-4d5c-4088-879a-2baa96b20c0e
DEVICE=ens224
ONBOOT=yes
[root@server ]#

测试网络连通性,看是否能够ping通百度,并把百度首页文件下载下来

[root@server ~]# ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (14.215.177.39) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 14.215.177.39 (14.215.177.39): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=46.3 ms
64 bytes from 14.215.177.39 (14.215.177.39): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=43.2 ms
64 bytes from 14.215.177.39 (14.215.177.39): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=38.8 ms
64 bytes from 14.215.177.39 (14.215.177.39): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=30.7 ms
64 bytes from 14.215.177.39 (14.215.177.39): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=84.10 ms

--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4009ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 30.702/48.808/84.984/18.833 ms
[root@server ~]# wget -P /root/wangzhan/   www.baidu.com
--2022-11-11 09:08:03--  http://www.baidu.com/
Resolving www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)... 14.215.177.38, 14.215.177.39
Connecting to www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)|14.215.177.38|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2381 (2.3K) [text/html]
Saving to: ‘/root/wangzhan/index.html.1’

index.html.1             100%[===============================>]   2.33K  --.-KB/s    in 0s

2022-11-11 09:08:04 (179 MB/s) - ‘/root/wangzhan/index.html.1’ saved [2381/2381]

[root@server ~]# ll /root/wangzhan
total 8
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2381 Nov 11 09:00 index.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2381 Nov 11 09:08 index.html.1
[root@server ~]#

设置系统开机时,该网卡通过DHCP协议自动获取IP地址

[root@server ~]# nmcli connection modify static ipv4.method  auto
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
IPADDR=192.168.240.130
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.240.1
DNS1=192.168.240.1
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=static
UUID=d017b97c-4d5c-4088-879a-2baa96b20c0e
DEVICE=ens224
ONBOOT=yes
[root@server ~]#

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