python 字典

字典的创建

• 循环遍历复杂，考虑使用
• 可变数据类型
• 和列表的区别：列表有序，字典无序

​ 列表通过索引（偏移）访问元素，字典通过键（key）

• 字典基本格式：

  #dic = {key1: value1, key2:value2, ... , keyn: valuen}
  

• 值可以是任意数据类型，键必须是不可变的，如字符串，数字或元组（不能是列表）。

• 不可哈希——可变，可哈希——不可变

空字典

dic ={}
print(type(dic))

<class ‘dict’>

创建多元素字典

info = {"id": 20190101, "name": "Tom", "age": 18}
# key: value ---> 键值对
print(info)

{‘id’: 20190101, ‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘age’: 18}

强转

#zip函数接受任意多个（包括0个和1个）序列作为参数，返回一个tuple列表。

zip()
key = ("id","name","age")
value = (20190101,"Tom",18)
tp = tuple(zip(key, value))
print(tp,type(tp))

((‘id’, 20190101), (‘name’, ‘Tom’), (‘age’, 18)) <class ‘tuple’>

fromkeys创建字典

格式：

dict.fromkeys(seq,val) # （seq字典的键，val赋给的值）

dic = dict.fromkeys(("Tom","Jack","Lucy"),666666)  #seq可以用()或者[]括起来，val没有的话赋值为"None"
print(dic)

{‘Tom’: 666666, ‘Jack’: 666666, ‘Lucy’: 666666}

dict3 = dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],['one','two','three']) #[值只能是一个值]
print(dict3)

{1: [‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’], 2: [‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’], 3: [‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’]}

字典的常见操作

增

• 直接添加键值对（dic[key] = value）
  • 通过使用变量名[“键”] = “值”，
    • 如果key 不存在，建立新键值对
    • 存在则更新值

dic = {"name": "Frank"}
dic["id"] = 20190101
dic["name"] = "Tom"
print(dic)

{‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘id’: 20190101}

• 更新dict.updata(dic)

  把字典dic中的键值对更新到dict中

  dic = {"name":"Jack", "Hobby":"read"}
  dict = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
  dict.update(dic)
  print(dict)
  

  {‘id’: 20190101, ‘name’: ‘Jack’, ‘age’: 22, ‘Hobby’: ‘read’}

删

• dict.pop()

  • 格式：dict.pop(key[,default])

    key:要删除的键值，default:如果没有key，返回default值

    • 如果key存在dict中，删除被删除的值

    • 如果不存在，给出默认值则返回默认值，未给出则报错

      dict = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
      print(dict.pop("id",23))
      print(dict)
      

      20190101
      {‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘age’: 22}

• dict.popitem()

  • 随机删除一堆键对值
  • 有返回值的，元组

  dict = {"id": 20190101,"name": "Tom","age":22}
  print(dict.popitem())
  key,value = dict.popitem() #又删了一次
  print(dict)  #返回值为元组
  print(key,value)
  

(‘age’, 22)
{‘id’: 20190101}
name Tom

• del dic[key]

  dic = {"id": 20190101,"name": "Tom","age":22}
  del dic["age"]
  print(dic)
  

  {‘id’: 20190101, ‘name’: ‘Tom’}

• dic.clear()

  dic = {"id": 20190101,"name": "Tom","age":22}
  print(dic.clear())
  print(dic)
  

  None
  {}

改

dic = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
dic["id"] = 20190102
print(dic)

{‘id’: 20190102, ‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘age’: 22}

• dict.setdefault()

  • 键存在，不改动，返回字典中的值
  • 不存在，在字典中添加相应的键值对，并返回对应的值

  dic = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
  print(dic.setdefault("name","Jack")) #键存在
  print(dic)
  print(dic.setdefault("salary",12000))
  print(dic)
  

  Tom
  {‘id’: 20190101, ‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘age’: 22}
  12000
  {‘id’: 20190101, ‘name’: ‘Tom’, ‘age’: 22, ‘salary’: 12000}

查

• 字典值的访问

  • 直接通过字典的key访问value

  dic = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
  print(dic["id"])
  

  20190101

• dict.get()访问value

  • 语言格式：dict.get(key[,default])
  • 不确定字典中是否存在某个键而又想对其进行操作，比如获取值–>get 方法
  • 当key不存在的时候，不会抛出异常，返回None

  dic = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
  print(dic.get("id",20190201))
  print(dic.get("salary"))
  print(dic)
  

• 遍历

  • dict.keys()

  #找键
  dic = {"id":20190101,"name":"Tom","age":22}
  print(dic.keys(),type(dic.keys()))
  
  for key in dic.keys():
      print(key, end=" ")
  print()
  

  dict_keys([‘id’, ‘name’, ‘age’]) <class ‘dict_keys’>
  id name age

  • dict.values()

  for value in dic.values():
      print(value, end=" ")
  print()
  

  20190101 Tom 22

  • dict.items()

  for item in dic.items():
      print(item, end=" ")
  print()
  

  (‘id’, 20190101) (‘name’, ‘Tom’) (‘age’, 22)

  for key,value in dic.items():
      print(key, ":", value)
  

  id : 20190101
  name : Tom
  age : 22