执行网络操作（二）：管理网络的使…

- 如果程序频繁访问网络，应当提供给用户相关的设置，允许用户控制程序的数据使用习惯：

> 程序同步数据的周期

> 是否仅在Wifi下执行上传下载操作

> 是否允许在漫游时使用数据

> 这样，用户才不会断然禁止你的程序访问网络

- 参考：

>  Optimizing Battery Life  

>  Transferring Data Without Draining the Battery

检查设备的网络连接

- Wifi：快，便宜

- 移动网络：贵

- 通常的策略：仅在Wifi下进行大数据传输

- 最佳实践：在执行网络操作前检查网络连接状态：

- ConnectivityManager：应答对网络连接状态的查询，也在网络连接发生变化时发出通知

- NetworkInfo：针对给出的类型描述其网络接口状态

- 例子：测试Wifi和移动网络的状态 - 是否可用，是否连接等：

> 关键组件：ConnectivityManager, NetworkInfo 

> 关键方法：ConnectivityManager.getNetworkInfo(), NetworkInfo.isConnected()

private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "NetworkStatusExample";
...      
ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 

        getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI); 
boolean isWifiConn = networkInfo.isConnected();

networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE);
boolean isMobileConn = networkInfo.isConnected();
Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Wifi connected: " + isWifiConn);
Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Mobile connected: " + isMobileConn);

- 注意：你的决策不应当基于连接是否“可用”，而总是要检查isConnected()，因为移动网络可能不正常，设备可能处于飞行模式，诸如此类。

- 以下是一种更精确的网络接口检测方法：

> getActiveNetworkInfo()返回一个NetworkInfo对象，标识能找到的第一个已经连接的网络接口

> 返回null，则表示无连接，即网络不可用

> 关键方法： ConnectivityManager.getActiveNetworkInfo()

public boolean isOnline() {

    ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 

            getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);

    NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();

    return (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected());
}  

管理网络使用

- 可以提供给用户一个设置屏幕，让他们显式的控制网络资源的使用，如：

> 设置是否只在Wifi下上传视频

> 设置根据网络可用性或者时间周期之类的标准来执行同步

- 开发支持网络访问和网络使用管理的应用，需要使用相关的权限和intent filters

>  android.permission.INTERNET：允许应用打开网络套接字

>  android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STAT：允许应用访问网络相关信息

- 为 ACTION_MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGE行为声明intent filter：

> 以示你的应用定义了一个提供数据使用控制选项的活动

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

    package="com.example.android.networkusage"

    ...>



    <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="4" 

           android:targetSdkVersion="14" />

        

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />



    <application

        ...>

        ...

        <activity android:label="SettingsActivity" android:name=".SettingsActivity">

             <intent-filter>

                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGE" />

                <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />

          </intent-filter>

        </activity>

    </application>
</manifest>

实现一个设置活动

 

- SettingsActivity实现了 OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener接口。用户改变了选项后即触发 onSharedPreferenceChanged()，将 refreshDisplay设为true。主活动因此会刷新显示：

public class SettingsActivity extends PreferenceActivity implements OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener {

    

    @Override

    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        

        // Loads the XML preferences file

        addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.preferences);

    }

  

    @Override

    protected void onResume() {

        super.onResume();



        // Registers a listener whenever a key changes            

        getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this);

    }

  

    @Override

    protected void onPause() {

        super.onPause();



       // Unregisters the listener set in onResume().

       // It's best practice to unregister listeners when your app isn't using them to cut down on 

       // unnecessary system overhead. You do this in onPause().            

       getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().unregisterOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this);    

    }

  

    // When the user changes the preferences selection, 

    // onSharedPreferenceChanged() restarts the main activity as a new

    // task. Sets the the refreshDisplay flag to "true" to indicate that 

    // the main activity should update its display.

    // The main activity queries the PreferenceManager to get the latest settings.

    

    @Override

    public void onSharedPreferenceChanged(SharedPreferences sharedPreferences, String key) {    

        // Sets refreshDisplay to true so that when the user returns to the main

        // activity, the display refreshes to reflect the new settings.

        NetworkActivity.refreshDisplay = true;

    }
}

响应设置变化

- 当用户改变设置，通常会对应用行为产生重要影响。

- 本例中，程序在onStart()中检查preferences设置。如果设置与设备网络连接能够匹配，应用将下载feed并刷新显示：

public class NetworkActivity extends Activity {

    public static final String WIFI = "Wi-Fi";

    public static final String ANY = "Any";

    private static final String URL = "http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest";

   

    // Whether there is a Wi-Fi connection.

    private static boolean wifiConnected = false; 

    // Whether there is a mobile connection.

    private static boolean mobileConnected = false;

    // Whether the display should be refreshed.

    public static boolean refreshDisplay = true;

    

    // The user's current network preference setting.

    public static String sPref = null;

    

    // The BroadcastReceiver that tracks network connectivity changes.

    private NetworkReceiver receiver = new NetworkReceiver();

    

    @Override

    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        

        // Registers BroadcastReceiver to track network connection changes.

        IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);

        receiver = new NetworkReceiver();

        this.registerReceiver(receiver, filter);

    }

    

    @Override 

    public void onDestroy() {

        super.onDestroy();

        // Unregisters BroadcastReceiver when app is destroyed.

        if (receiver != null) {

            this.unregisterReceiver(receiver);

        }

    }

    

    // Refreshes the display if the network connection and the

    // pref settings allow it.

    

    @Override

    public void onStart () {

        super.onStart();  

        

        // Gets the user's network preference settings

        SharedPreferences sharedPrefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);

        

        // Retrieves a string value for the preferences. The second parameter

        // is the default value to use if a preference value is not found.

        sPref = sharedPrefs.getString("listPref", "Wi-Fi");



        updateConnectedFlags(); 

       

        if(refreshDisplay){

            loadPage();    

        }

    }

    

    // Checks the network connection and sets the wifiConnected and mobileConnected

    // variables accordingly. 

    public void updateConnectedFlags() {

        ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 

                getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);

        

        NetworkInfo activeInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();

        if (activeInfo != null && activeInfo.isConnected()) {

            wifiConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;

            mobileConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;

        } else {

            wifiConnected = false;

            mobileConnected = false;

        }  

    }

      

    // Uses AsyncTask subclass to download the XML feed from stackoverflow.com.

    public void loadPage() {

        if (((sPref.equals(ANY)) && (wifiConnected || mobileConnected))

                || ((sPref.equals(WIFI)) && (wifiConnected))) {

            // AsyncTask subclass

            new DownloadXmlTask().execute(URL);

        } else {

            showErrorPage();

        }

    }
...

    
}

侦测连接变化

- 最后用一个BroadcastReceiver的子类来处理连接变化

- 拦截 CONNECTIVITY_ACTION行为，确定网络状态如何，从而设置两个标记

- NetworkReceiver在活动创建和销毁时注册、注销，这样只有在使用程序时才会工作，避免费电

- 如果在manifest中注册，则全程激活，只能通过  setComponentEnabledSetting()来开关

public class NetworkReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {   

      
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {

    ConnectivityManager conn =  (ConnectivityManager)

        context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);

    NetworkInfo networkInfo = conn.getActiveNetworkInfo();

       

    // Checks the user prefs and the network connection. Based on the result, decides whether

    // to refresh the display or keep the current display.

    // If the userpref is Wi-Fi only, checks to see if the device has a Wi-Fi connection.

    if (WIFI.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null && networkInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI) {

        // If device has its Wi-Fi connection, sets refreshDisplay

        // to true. This causes the display to be refreshed when the user

        // returns to the app.

        refreshDisplay = true;

        Toast.makeText(context, R.string.wifi_connected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();



    // If the setting is ANY network and there is a network connection

    // (which by process of elimination would be mobile), sets refreshDisplay to true.

    } else if (ANY.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null) {

        refreshDisplay = true;

                 

    // Otherwise, the app can't download content--either because there is no network

    // connection (mobile or Wi-Fi), or because the pref setting is WIFI, and there 

    // is no Wi-Fi connection.

    // Sets refreshDisplay to false.

    } else {

        refreshDisplay = false;

        Toast.makeText(context, R.string.lost_connection, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

    }
}