golang context用法详解

最初接触golang http源码的时候就发现有一个比较特别的package context，当时顺便把它的源码给看了下，了解下它的工作原理，并且在后面学习etcd源码的时候发现几乎每一个回调相关的函数都会有一个ctx参数。今天终于闲下来了，对于context这么常用的package还是做下笔记为好。

  context包在golang源码的golang.org/x/net/context目录下，context主要用在结束若干个相互具有父子(主任务子任务)关系的goroutine，context内部本身就是以一种树形递归的形式去组织各个context节点，父节点的取消，会递归的把取消信号发送给它的子节点。

Context接口的定义如下：

type Context interface {
    // Deadline returns the time when work done on behalf of this context
    // should be canceled. Deadline returns ok==false when no deadline is
    // set. Successive calls to Deadline return the same results.
    Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
    // Done returns a channel that's closed when work done on behalf of this
    // context should be canceled. Done may return nil if this context can
    // never be canceled. Successive calls to Done return the same value.
    //
    // WithCancel arranges for Done to be closed when cancel is called;
    // WithDeadline arranges for Done to be closed when the deadline
    // expires; WithTimeout arranges for Done to be closed when the timeout
    // elapses.
    Done() <-chan struct{}
    // Err returns a non-nil error value after Done is closed. Err returns
    // Canceled if the context was canceled or DeadlineExceeded if the
    // context's deadline passed. No other values for Err are defined.
    // After Done is closed, successive calls to Err return the same value.
    Err() error
    // Value returns the value associated with this context for key, or nil
    // if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
    // the same key returns the same result.
    Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}

Deadline：主要用于设定超时时间的Context上，它的返回值用于表示该Context取消的时间点。
Done：函数主要是返回一个单向的接收channel，在Context被取消之后该接收channel会返回一个值或者被关闭，都会执行select中对应的语句，这些语句一般是结束当前函数执行，并做一些清理工作。
Err：返回该Conext被取消的原因。
Value：返回该Context中key关联的值。

  由于Context是基于父子类关系的属性结构组织的，无论我们是自己定义的Context还是使用golib提供的Context类，我们都会基于一个父Context，实际开发中我们使用的这个父Context大多数情况下是Background函数返回的Context:

// Background returns a non-nil, empty Context. It is never canceled, has no
// values, and has no deadline. It is typically used by the main function,
// initialization, and tests, and as the top-level Context for incoming
// requests.
func Background() Context {