错排数

Count Derangements (Permutation such that no element appears in its original position)

A Derangement is a permutation of n elements, such that no element appears in its original position. For example, a derangement of {0, 1, 2, 3} is {2, 3, 1, 0}.

Given a number n, find total number of Derangements of a set of n elements.

Examples:

Input: n = 2
Output: 1
For two elements say {0, 1}, there is only one
possible derangement {1, 0}

Input: n = 3
Output: 2
For three elements say {0, 1, 2}, there are two
possible derangements {2, 0, 1} and {1, 2, 0}

Input: n = 4
Output: 9
For four elements say {0, 1, 2, 3}, there are 9
possible derangements {1, 0, 3, 2} {1, 2, 3, 0}
{1, 3, 0, 2}, {2, 3, 0, 1}, {2, 0, 3, 1}, {2, 3,
1, 0}, {3, 0, 1, 2}, {3, 2, 0, 1} and {3, 2, 1, 0}
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Let countDer(n) be count of derangements for n elements. Below is recursive relation for it.

下面是递推公式
countDer(n) = (n-1)*[countDer(n-1) + countDer(n-2)]
好难理解，先记下。链接是http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/count-derangements-permutation-such-that-no-element-appears-in-its-original-position/

对countDer(n-1)的暂时理解是类比，类比如果是n个人的的话，那么跟不选0的计数情况相同