mysqldump备份疑惑详解

发现好多人对mysqldump的单一事物备份感到迷惑,这里总结一下

先看一下--lock-tables和--lock-all-tables

  --lock-all-tables

一次性锁定所有数据库的所有表,在整个dump期间一直获取global read lock

该选项自动关闭—lock-tables—single-transaction

--lock-tables

database为单位,dump前锁定其下所有表;如果是Myisam表则采用 read local模式,允许同时insert

--opt自动启用—lock-tables

注:--opt包含--add-drop-table --add-locks --create-options --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset

 

再看一下官方对于single-transaction的解释

--single-transaction

This option sets the transaction isolation mode to REPEATABLE READ and sends a START TRANSACTION SQL statement to the server before dumping data. It is useful only with transactional tables such as InnoDB, because then it dumps the consistent state of the database at the time when START TRANSACTION was issued without blocking any applications.

When using this option, you should keep in mind that only InnoDB tables are dumped in a consistent state. For example, any MyISAM or MEMORY tables dumped while using this option may still change state.

While a --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log coordinates), no other connection should use the following statements: ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE. A consistent read is not isolated from those statements, so use of them on a table to be dumped can cause the SELECT that is performed by mysqldump to retrieve the table contents to obtain incorrect contents or fail.

The --single-transaction option and the --lock-tables option are mutually exclusive because LOCK TABLES causes any pending transactions to be committed implicitly.

To dump large tables, combine the --single-transaction option with the --quick option.

可以总结出以下几点:

只适用于innodb

需要repeatable read模式开启一个事务

执行期间不阻碍DMLDDL,但是不要人工执行alter/create/drop/rename/truncate table

 不能与lock-tables共用,后者执行的LOCK TABLES会隐式提交所有pending事务

执行流程

1SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ

2START TRANSACTION /*!40100 WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

3UNLOCK TABLES

如果mysqldump只指定single-transaction,期间不会加锁也不会阻止任何的事务;

--single-transaction

InnoDB 表在备份时,通常启用选项 --single-transaction 来保证备份的一致性,实际上它的工作原理是设定本次会话的隔离级别为:REPEATABLE READ,以确保本次会话(dump)时,不会看到其他会话已经提交了的数据。

081022 17:23:35       1 Connect     root@localhost on
1 Query       /*!40100 SET @@SQL_MODE='' */
1 Query       SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ
1 Query       BEGIN
1 Query       UNLOCK TABLES
1 Init DB     yejr
1 Query       SHOW TABLES LIKE 'yejr'
1 Query       SET OPTION SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE=1
1 Query       show create table `yejr`
1 Query       show fields from `yejr`
1 Query       show table status like 'yejr'
1 Query       SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ * FROM `yejr`
1 Quit

 

--master-data

默认启用—lock-all-tables,如果显示指定—single-transaction则弃用—lock-all-tables,此时只在dump开始时短暂获取global read lock

执行流程

1FLUSH  TABLES

2FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK

3SHOW MASTER STATUS

同时使用Master-datasingle-transaction可以对Innodb进行Online backup

shell> mysqldump --all-databases --master-data --single-transaction > all_databases.sql

执行流程

1FLUSH   TABLES

2FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK

3SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ

4START TRANSACTION /*!40100 WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

5SHOW MASTER STATUS

6UNLOCK TABLES

global read lock的持续时间很短,获取当前binlog的位置信息后立即释放;

注意:

  在执行时如果当前有一个事务长时间没有结束,那么FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK将会一直等待,而更加严重的是,阻塞的FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK会进一步阻塞后续的DML,从而造成mysql hang


--dump-slave

5.5引入了dump-slave选项,可对slave执行mysqldump,得出的change master to却是指向master,即使用slave创建一个新的slave;

执行期间会停止slave sql thread,完成后自动恢复;

 

 MDL
5.5有了MDL(Meta data lock),所以–single-transaction时,事务内操作过的表都会持有MDL,因此不会被DDL破坏。
例如,mysqldump已经备份了a,b,c表,因为它们在事务内,事务还没提交,它们的MDL不会释放,因此另外的线程如果做a,b,c中任意一张表的DDL操作,都会出现Waiting for table metadata lock,而还没备份到的表不会持有MDL,因此还可以做DDL

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