设计模式之观察者模式

    某公司有一个气象站应用，有温度、湿度、气压感应装置，我们要做的是实现WeatherData对象，它可以从气象站获得数据并显示，显示方式有三种，对应三种布告板。

首先是一个错误示范：

public class BadWeatherData {
	//实例变量声明
	
	public void measurementsChanged(){
		float temp=getTemperature();
		float humidity=getHumidity();
		float pressure=getPressure();
		
		currentConditionsDisplay.update(temp,humidity,pressure);
		statisticsDisplay.update(temp,humidity,pressure);
		forecastDisplay.update(temp,humidity,pressure);
	}
	//其他方法

}

update（temp,humidity,pressure）可以是一个统一的接口，而且针对具体实现编程，会导致我们以后再增加或删除布告板时必须修改程序。改变的地方，需要封装起来。

所以，here comes the observer pattern.观察者模式=出版者（subject）+订阅者（observer）。

观察者模式定义了对象之间的一对多依赖，这样一来，当一个对象改变状态时，他的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。

它提供了一种对象设计，让主题和观察者之间松耦合。

下面实现气象站：

public interface Subject {
	public void registerObserver(Observer o);
	public void removeObserver(Observer o);
	public void notifyObserver();

}

public interface Observer {
	public void update(float temp,float humidity,float pressure);

}

public interface DisplayElement {
	public void display();

}

在WeatherData中实现subject接口：

import java.util.ArrayList;


public class WeatherData implements Subject{
	private ArrayList observers;
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private float pressure;
	
	public WeatherData(){
		observers=new ArrayList<>();
	}

	@Override
	public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		observers.add(o);
	}

	@Override
	public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		int i=observers.indexOf(o);
		observers.remove(i);
	}

	@Override
	public void notifyObserver() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		for(int i=0;i<observers.size();i++){
			Observer observer=(Observer)observers.get(i);
			observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
		}
	}
	
	public void measurementsChanged(){
		notifyObserver();
	}
	
	public void setMeasurements(float temperature,float humidity,float pressure){
		this.temperature=temperature;
		this.humidity=humidity;
		this.pressure=pressure;
		measurementsChanged();
	}
	
	//其他方法
	
	

}

建立布告板：

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private Subject weatherData;
	
	public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData){
		this.weatherData=weatherData;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}
	@Override
	public void display() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("Current conditions:"+temperature+"F degrees and"+humidity+"% humidity");
	}
	@Override
	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.temperature=temp;
		this.humidity=humidity;
		display();
	}
	
	

}

public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private float pressure;
	private Subject weatherData;
	
	public ForecastDisplay(Subject weatherData){
		this.temperature=temperature;
		this.humidity=humidity;
		this.pressure=pressure;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}

	@Override
	public void display() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(temperature>80&&humidity>65&&pressure<29.5f)
			System.out.println("Improving weather on the way");
		else if(temperature<70&&pressure>30f)
			System.out.println("Watch out for cooler,rainy weather");
		else 
			System.out.println("More of the same");
	}

	@Override
	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.temperature=temp;
		this.humidity=humidity;
		this.pressure=pressure;
		display();
	}
	
	

}

public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{
	private float pressure;
	private Subject weatherData;
	
	public StatisticsDisplay(Subject weatherData){
		this.weatherData=weatherData;
		weatherData.registerObserver(this);
	}

	@Override
	public void display() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
			System.out.println("Pressure  is "+pressure);
	}

	@Override
	public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.pressure=pressure;
		display();
	}
	
	

}

启动气象站：

public class WeatherStation {
	public static void main(String[]args){
		WeatherData weatherData=new WeatherData();
		
		CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditionsDisplay=new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
		StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay=new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
		ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay=new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
		
		weatherData.setMeasurements(90,70,29f);
		weatherData.setMeasurements(65, 75, 31f);
		weatherData.setMeasurements(70, 75, 30f);
	}

}

运行程序：

Current conditions:90.0F degrees and70.0% humidity
Pressure  is 29.0
Improving weather on the way
Current conditions:65.0F degrees and75.0% humidity
Pressure  is 31.0
Watch out for cooler,rainy weather
Current conditions:70.0F degrees and75.0% humidity
Pressure  is 30.0
More of the same

使用Java内置的观察者模式：

java.util包内包含最基本的Observer接口和Observable类。

和以上的实现类似，但有差异，WeatherData现在扩展自Observable类，并继承到一些增加删除通知Observer的方法。

重做气象站：

import java.util.Observable;

public class WeatherData extends Observable{
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	private float pressure;
	
	public WeatherData(){}
	
	public void measurementsChanged(){
		setChanged();
		notifyObservers();
	}
	
	public void setMeasurements(float temperature,float humidity,float pressure){
		this.temperature=temperature;
		this.humidity=humidity;
		this.pressure=pressure;
		measurementsChanged();
	}
	
	public float getTemperature(){
		return temperature;
	}
	
	public float getHumidity(){
		return humidity;
	}
	
	public float getPressure(){
		return pressure;
	}

}

布告栏：

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{

	Observable observable;
	private float temperature;
	private float humidity;
	
	public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable){
		this.observable=observable;
		observable.addObserver(this);
	}
	@Override
	public void display() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("Current conditions:"+temperature+"F degrees and"+humidity+"% humidity");
	}

	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(o instanceof WeatherData){
			WeatherData weatherData=(WeatherData)o;
			this.temperature=weatherData.getTemperature();
			this.humidity=weatherData.getHumidity();
			display();
		}
	}

}

etc

运行代码：

Improving weather on the way
Pressure  is 29.0
Current conditions:90.0F degrees and70.0% humidity
Watch out for cooler,rainy weather
Pressure  is 31.0
Current conditions:65.0F degrees and75.0% humidity
More of the same
Pressure  is 30.0
Current conditions:70.0F degrees and75.0% humidity

仔细看会发现输出的次序不一样了。如果我们依赖次序，这样就错了。

所以，java.util.Observable也有局限性，它是一个类不是接口，限制了它的使用和复用。

ps，其实JavaBeans和Swing中，也实现了观察者模式。