289. Game of Life

According to the Wikipedia's article: "The Game of Life, also known simply as Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970."

Given a board with m by n cells, each cell has an initial state live (1) or dead (0). Each cell interacts with its eight neighbors (horizontal, vertical, diagonal) using the following four rules (taken from the above Wikipedia article):

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbors dies, as if caused by under-population.
2. Any live cell with two or three live neighbors lives on to the next generation.
3. Any live cell with more than three live neighbors dies, as if by over-population..
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbors becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.

Write a function to compute the next state (after one update) of the board given its current state.

Follow up: 

1. Could you solve it in-place? Remember that the board needs to be updated at the same time: You cannot update some cells first and then use their updated values to update other cells.
2. In this question, we represent the board using a 2D array. In principle, the board is infinite, which would cause problems when the active area encroaches the border of the array. How would you address these problems?

直白的想法：

需要另一个数组。

public class Solution {
    public void gameOfLife(int[][] board) {
        if(board.length==0||board[0].length==0) return;
        int m=board.length,n=board[0].length;
        int[][] state=new int[m][n];
        for(int i=0;i<m;i++){
            for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
                state[i][j]=countneighbors(board,i,j);
            }
        }
        for(int i=0;i<m;i++){
            for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
                if(state[i][j]<2||state[i][j]>3){
                    board[i][j]=0;
                }
                else if(state[i][j]==3){
                    board[i][j]=1;
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
    public int countneighbors(int[][] board,int x,int y){
        int count=0;
        int i,j;
        for(i=-1;i<=+1;i++){
            for(j=-1;j<=+1;j++){
                if((x+i)>=0&&(x+i)<board.length&&(y+j)>=0&&(y+j)<board[0].length){
                    count+=board[x+i][y+j];
                }
            }
        }
        count-=board[x][y];
        return count;
    }
}

board原本存的是0或者1，现在变成了0，1，2，3。

- 00  dead (next) <- dead (current)
- 01  dead (next) <- live (current)  
- 10  live (next) <- dead (current)  
- 11  live (next) <- live (current) 

计算邻居数目的时候只需要看最后一位数。节省了一个数组。

public void gameOfLife(int[][] board) {
    if (board == null || board.length == 0) return;
    int m = board.length, n = board[0].length;

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            int lives = liveNeighbors(board, m, n, i, j);

            // In the beginning, every 2nd bit is 0;
            // So we only need to care about when will the 2nd bit become 1.
            if (board[i][j] == 1 && lives >= 2 && lives <= 3) {  
                board[i][j] = 3; // Make the 2nd bit 1: 01 ---> 11
            }
            if (board[i][j] == 0 && lives == 3) {
                board[i][j] = 2; // Make the 2nd bit 1: 00 ---> 10
            }
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            board[i][j] >>= 1;  // Get the 2nd state.
        }
    }
}

public int liveNeighbors(int[][] board, int m, int n, int i, int j) {
    int lives = 0;
    for (int x = Math.max(i - 1, 0); x <= Math.min(i + 1, m - 1); x++) {
        for (int y = Math.max(j - 1, 0); y <= Math.min(j + 1, n - 1); y++) {
            lives += board[x][y] & 1;
        }
    }
    lives -= board[i][j] & 1;
    return lives;
}