本篇文章主要介绍了js中继承的几种用法总结。
1.构造函数实现继承
代码:
function Parent(username){ this.username = username; this.hello = function(){ alert(this.username); } } Parent.prototype.bye = function(){ alert(this.username+": Goodbye!"); }; function Child(username,password){ this.father = Parent; this.father(username);//最关键的一行 delete this.father; //以上3行等价于Parent.call(this,username)或Parent.call(this,[username]) this.password = password; this.world = function(){ alert(this.password); } } var parent = new Parent("zhangsan"); var child = new Child("lisi","123456"); parent.hello();//zhangsan child.hello();//lisi child.world();//123456 parent.bye(); //zhangsan :Goodbye child.bye();// Error: child.bye is not a function
缺点:由于方法在构造函数内创建,不能做到函数复用而降低效率,并且不能继承父类的prototype定义的属性与方法。
2.原型链方式:子类通过prototype将所有在父类中通过prototype追加的属性和方法都追加到Child,从而实现了继承
代码:
function Parent(){ this.elements=["ul","li","p"]; } Parent.prototype.hello = "hello"; Parent.prototype.sayHello = function(){ alert(this.hello); } function Child(){ } Child.prototype = new Parent();//这行的作用是:将Parent中将所有通过prototype追加的属性和方法都追加到Child,从而实现了继承 Child.prototype.world = "world"; Child.prototype.sayWorld = function(){ alert(this.world); } var c = new Child(); c.sayHello();//hello c.sayWorld();//world alert(c.elements);//ul,li,p c.elements.push("div"); c.hello="div"; var c2 = new Child(); c2.sayHello();//hello alert(c2.elements);//ul,li,p,div
缺点:由于prototype是各个子类的实例共享的,故对某一个子类prototype中的属性进行修改,也会体现在所有子类上(如以上代码,Child.prototype 继承了Parent的实例,故Child.prototype.elements为所有Child的实例共享),另外本方法还有一个缺点是不能想超类的构造函数传参数。
3.组合继承:结合以上两种方式,用prototype继承超类的prototype的属性、方法,用构造函数继承超类的实例的属性、方法。
代码:
function Parent(username){ this.elements =["li","ul","p"]; this.username = username; this.hello = function(){ alert(this.username); } } Parent.prototype.hello = "hello"; Parent.prototype.bye = function(){ alert(this.username+": Goodbye!"); }; function Child(username,password){ Parent.call(this,[username]); this.password = password; this.word = function(){ alert(this.password); } } Child.prototype=new Parent(); var parent = new Parent("zhangsan"); var child = new Child("lisi","123456"); parent.hello();//zhangsan child.hello();//lisi child.word();//123456 child.elements.push("div"); var child2 = new Child("wangwu","111111"); alert(child2.elements);//ul,li,p
缺点:与构造函数模式相比,函数复用问题未解决。
4.寄生式继承:寄生式继承是创建一个仅用于封装继承过程的函数,该函数在内部以某种方式来增强对象,最后再返回对象。
var person = {name : "Nicholas", friends :["shelby","Court","Van"], sayGoodbye :function(){alert("Goodbye");}}; function createSon(original){ var clone = original;//通过调用函数创建一个新对象 clone.sayHi =function(){ //以某种方式来增强这个对象 alert("hi"); }; return clone;//返回这个对象 } var son = createSon(person); son.sayHi();//"hi" son.sayGoodbye();
缺点:与构造函数模式类似,不能做到函数复用而降低效率。
5.寄生组合式继承:本质上,就是使用寄生式继承来继承超类型的prototype,然后再将结果指定给子类型的prototype。
代码:
function inheritPrototype(subType, superType) { var prototype = superType.prototype; prototype.constructor = subType; subType.prototype = prototype; } function Parent(name) { this.name = name; this.elements=["ul","li","p"]; } Parent.prototype.sayName = function() { alert(this.name); } function Child(name, age) { Parent.call(this, name); this.age = age; } inheritPrototype(Child, Parent); Child.prototype.sayAge = function() { alert(this.age); } var parent = new Parent("zhangsan"); var child = new Child("lisi","12"); parent.sayName ();//zhangsan child.sayName ();//lisi child.sayAge();//12 child.elements.push("div"); var child2 = new Child("wangwu","22"); child2.sayAge();//22 alert(child2.elements);//li,ul,p