哈哈，下面开始学习数据结构和算法，希望自己在学习过程中的总结以及代码可以帮助大家更好的理解数据结构与算法。
首先，我们先学习最简单的顺序表。
第一步给出顺序表的基本定义以及操作
package net.itaem.list;
/**
* 定义一个接口，表示线性表的基本操作
*
*
* 线性表的定义：线性表的数据对象集合为{a1,a2,a3...an}，每个元素类型为：DataType。
* 除了第一个元素外，都有前驱元素；除了最后一个元素外，都有后继元素；每个元素之间都是一对一的关系
*
* @author 骆宏 qq:846705189
* */
public interface List<T> {
/**
* 在指定下标处增加一个数据元素
* @param index 要增加元素的下标
* @param element 要增加的数据元素
* */
public void add(int index, T element);
/**
* 删除指定下标的数据元素，并且返回被删除元素的内容
* @param index 要删除数据元素的下标
* @return 返回被删除元素的内容
* */
public T remove(int index);
/**
* 获得元素内容的长度
* @return 返回数据元素的个数
* */
public int size();
/**
* 清空一个链表
* */
public void clear();
}
package net.itaem.list.impl;
import net.itaem.list.List;
/**
* 这是采用数组实现的List，相当于java.util.ArrayList
* 采用数组实现的List，在查找元素上是高效的
*
* @author luohong
* */
public class ArrayList<T> implements List<T> {
//顺序表的长度
private int size;
//顺序表的数组大小
private int length;
//定义一个数组，保存数据元素，这里不能使用泛型来定义数组，所以采用Object，不过方法会保证类型统一
Object[] elements;
/**
* 采用默认构造器，该数组的长度为10
* */
public ArrayList(){
this.length = 10;
elements = new Object[10];
}
/**
* 初始化顺序表，指定数组的长度
* */
public ArrayList(int length){
if(length < 0) throw new RuntimeException("顺序表的长度不能为0");
if(length > Integer.MAX_VALUE) throw new RuntimeException("顺序表的长度超过有效范围");
this.length = length;
elements = new Object[length];
}
@Override
public void add(int index, T element) {
//检查数据下标
checkIndex(index);
//顺序表长度达到最大了，此时不允许继续添加元素
if(size == length) return;
//如果要插入的元素是最后面，直接插入
if(index == size)
elements[size] = element;
else{
//先移动index到length的元素至index+1到length+1，然后再插入
for(int i=size-1; i>=index; i--) elements[i+1] = elements[i];
elements[index] = element;
}
//增加成功，顺序表的长度加1
size++;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public T remove(int index) {
//检查数组下标
checkIndex(index);
//强制转型
T result = null;
//如果是最后一个元素，直接删除并且返回即可
if(index == size-1) {
result = (T)elements[index];
elements[index] = null;
}else{
//先删除指定下标元素，后移动index+1至size-1的元素到index至size-2
result = (T)elements[index];
for(int i=index+1; i<size; i++) {
elements[i-1] = elements[i];
}
//将最后面的元素变成null，因为该元素已经不存在了
elements[size-1] = null;
}
//删除成功，顺序表长度-1
size--;
return result;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return size;
}
public int length(){
return length;
}
@Override
public void clear() {
//将数组应用的元素全部指向null
for(int i=0; i<length; i++){
if(elements[i] != null) elements[i] = null;
}
//修改顺序表的长度
size = 0;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for(Object element: elements){
sb.append(element + ", ");
}
//去掉多余的“,”
String elementStr = sb.substring(0, sb.length()-2);
return "the ArrayList length is " + length + " and the elements of size is " + size + "; elements is " + elementStr;
}
//检查数组下标是否正常可以使用，如果不正常直接抛出运行时异常
private void checkIndex(int index) {
if(index < 0 || index >= length) throw new RuntimeException("数组下标" + index + "不是有效的，请检查");
}
public static void main(String[] args){
//初始化
List<Integer> testList = new ArrayList<Integer>(10);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
testList.add(i, i);
}
System.out.println("before remove\n" + testList);
System.out.println("remove element is " + testList.remove(8));
System.out.println("after remove\n" + testList);
System.out.println("add List in index 5 with value 555");
testList.add(5, 555);
System.out.println("after add\n" + testList);
System.out.println("before clear list size " + testList.size());
testList.clear();
System.out.println("after clear list size " + testList.size());
System.out.println(testList);
}
}
下面为输出结果
before remove
the ArrayList length is 10 and the elements of size is 10; elements is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
remove element is 8
after remove
the ArrayList length is 10 and the elements of size is 9; elements is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, null
add List in index 5 with value 555
after add
the ArrayList length is 10 and the elements of size is 10; elements is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 555, 5, 6, 7, 9
before clear list size 10
after clear list size 0
the ArrayList length is 10 and the elements of size is 0; elements is null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null
上面使用的是数组实现的线性表，下面采用链式存储结构来实现一个线性表，类似于java.util.LinkedList...大家有兴趣可以阅读源代码
package net.itaem.list.impl;
import net.itaem.list.List;
/**
* 这个是链式表。
* 实现原理就是：将每个元素当成一个节点，每个节点保持一个指针，用来指向下一个元素的所在位置。
* 这种链式表，在插入和删除上是高效的。
* */
public class LinkedList<T> implements List<T>{
//定义一个内部类，表示一个节点，面向对象的知识，将节点抽象成类
private class Node<E>{
//节点数据
private E data;
//该节点的下一个节点
private Node<E> next;
/**
* 构造一个非空节点
* */
public Node(E data, Node<E> next){
this.data = data;
this.next = next;
}
/**
* 够着一个空的节点
* */
public Node(){}
public Node<E> next(){
return next;
}
public void setNext(Node<E> next){
this.next = next;
}
public E data(){
return data;
}
}
//定义一个头结点
private Node<T> head;
//链表的长度
private int size;
/**
* 初始化一个链表
* 并且建立头节点，头结点不保存数据
* */
public LinkedList(){
head = new Node<T>();
}
@Override
public void add(int index, T element) {
checkIndex(index);
if(head == null && index > 0) throw new RuntimeException("该链表为null，不能在" + index + "插入元素");
size++;
Node<T> p = head;
//直接插在最后面
if(index == size){
Node<T> newEle = new Node<T>(element, null);
p.setNext(newEle);
return;
}else{
//先移动
for(int i=0; i<index; i++){
p = p.next();
}
//创建一个新的节点，并且插入
Node<T> newEle = new Node<T>(element, p.next());
p.setNext(newEle);
}
}
private void checkIndex(int index) {
if(index < 0) throw new RuntimeException("数组下标" + index + "不能为负数");
if(index > size()) throw new RuntimeException("数组下标超过链表的有效长度" + size());
}
@Override
public T remove(int index) {
checkIndex(index);
size--;
T data = null;
Node<T> p = head;
if(p != null && p.next() != null){
for(int i=0; i<index; i++){
p = p.next();
}
data = p.next().data();
p.setNext(p.next().next());
}
return data;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return size;
}
@Override
public void clear() {
head = null;
size = 0;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
Node<T> p = head;
if(head != null){
if(p != null && p.next() != null){
while(p.next() != null){
p = p.next();
sb.append(p.data() + " ");
}
}
}else{
sb.append("null");
}
return "the linked list size is " + size + " and the elements is " + sb.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
LinkedList<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
//测试添加
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
linkedList.add(i, i);
}
System.out.println("before add\n " + linkedList);
linkedList.add(2, 22);
System.out.println("affter add\n " + linkedList);
//测试remove
//注意点：remove方法的参数是索引下标，不是第几个元素
System.out.println("before remove\n " + linkedList);
System.out.println("remove index 5 and value is " + linkedList.remove(5));
System.out.println("after remove\n " + linkedList);
//测试清空链表
linkedList.clear();
System.out.println("after clear " + linkedList.toString());
}
}
before add
the linked list size is 10 and the elements is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
affter add
the linked list size is 11 and the elements is 0 1 22 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
before remove
the linked list size is 11 and the elements is 0 1 22 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
remove index 5 and value is 4
after remove
the linked list size is 10 and the elements is 0 1 22 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
after clear the linked list size is 0 and the elements is null
线性表，其实在生活中很普遍，是一种最普遍的数据结构。大家通过上面的代码可以看到，通过数组来模拟的线性表，其实在计算机的实现内部，也就是物理逻辑，也是采用和数据逻辑相同的方式来实现。物理实现过程就好比是计算机内存开辟一个相邻的存储空间，然后按照元素的先后顺序，有序的存储起来。所以这种方式实现的顺序表，在元素查找是快速高效的，因为计算机无论在查找第一个元素和最后一个元素，他们都是同样高效的。
链式表，其实在生活中也很普遍。链式表的实现方式，在控制内存使用过程中更加有优势。因为程序是动态分配存储空间的；同样，插入删除也更加高效。为什么更加高效呢？如果你每次插入位置不一样，其实一样都是O(n)的算法效率，但是如果在同一个地方插入数据时，程序在第一次定位到该位置是，是O(n)，之后插入节点都是O(1)。而顺序线性表，则是每次插入删除都是O(n)...
对比java.util.ArrayList与LinkedList
/*
* %W% %E%
*
* Copyright (c) 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* Resizable-array implementation of the <tt>List</tt> interface. Implements
* all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including
* <tt>null</tt>. In addition to implementing the <tt>List</tt> interface,
* this class provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is
* used internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to
* <tt>Vector</tt>, except that it is unsynchronized.)<p>
*
* The <tt>size</tt>, <tt>isEmpty</tt>, <tt>get</tt>, <tt>set</tt>,
* <tt>iterator</tt>, and <tt>listIterator</tt> operations run in constant
* time. The <tt>add</tt> operation runs in <i>amortized constant time</i>,
* that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations
* run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared
* to that for the <tt>LinkedList</tt> implementation.<p>
*
* Each <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance has a <i>capacity</i>. The capacity is
* the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always
* at least as large as the list size. As elements are added to an ArrayList,
* its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy are not
* specified beyond the fact that adding an element has constant amortized
* time cost.<p>
*
* An application can increase the capacity of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
* before adding a large number of elements using the <tt>ensureCapacity</tt>
* operation. This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation.
*
* <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
* If multiple threads access an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance concurrently,
* and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it
* <i>must</i> be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is
* any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements, or explicitly
* resizes the backing array; merely setting the value of an element is not
* a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by
* synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list.
*
* If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the
* {@link Collections#synchronizedList Collections.synchronizedList}
* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
* unsynchronized access to the list:<pre>
* List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));</pre>
*
* <p>The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> and
* <tt>listIterator</tt> methods are <i>fail-fast</i>: if the list is
* structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way
* except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> or <tt>add</tt> methods,
* the iterator will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in
* the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly,
* rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.<p>
*
* Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i><p>
*
* This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @version %I%, %G%
* @see Collection
* @see List
* @see LinkedList
* @see Vector
* @since 1.2
*/
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
*/
private transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
*
* @serial
*/
private int size;
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
super();
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
}
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
this(10);
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
size = elementData.length;
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
}
/**
* Trims the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to be the
* list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
if (size < oldCapacity) {
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
/**
* Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
* necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
* specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
Object oldData[] = elementData;
int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this list.
*
* @return the number of elements in this list
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
* at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance. (The
* elements themselves are not copied.)
*
* @return a clone of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<E> v = (ArrayList<E>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError();
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper
* sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned
* array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the
* specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is
* allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of
* this list.
*
* <p>If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in
* the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
* <tt>null</tt>. (This is useful in determining the length of the
* list <i>only</i> if the caller knows that the list does not contain
* any null elements.)
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
* @return an array containing the elements of the list
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
// Positional Access Operations
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
RangeCheck(index);
return (E) elementData[index];
}
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
RangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacity(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
"Index: "+index+", Size: "+size);
ensureCapacity(size+1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
RangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// Let gc do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacity(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
* specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
"Index: " + index + ", Size: " + size);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacity(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* <tt>fromIndex</tt>, inclusive, and <tt>toIndex</tt>, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by <tt>(toIndex - fromIndex)</tt> elements.
* (If <tt>toIndex==fromIndex</tt>, this operation has no effect.)
*
* @param fromIndex index of first element to be removed
* @param toIndex index after last element to be removed
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if fromIndex or toIndex out of
* range (fromIndex < 0 || fromIndex >= size() || toIndex
* > size() || toIndex < fromIndex)
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - toIndex;
System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
numMoved);
// Let gc do its work
int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
while (size != newSize)
elementData[--size] = null;
}
/**
* Checks if the given index is in range. If not, throws an appropriate
* runtime exception. This method does *not* check if the index is
* negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
* which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
*/
private void RangeCheck(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
"Index: "+index+", Size: "+size);
}
/**
* Save the state of the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The length of the array backing the <tt>ArrayList</tt>
* instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
* (each an <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out array length
s.writeInt(elementData.length);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in array length and allocate array
int arrayLength = s.readInt();
Object[] a = elementData = new Object[arrayLength];
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
从红色代码部分，大家可以看到，java.util.ArrayList在get(int index)时，只需要一个执行命令；而在插入，删除时，却需要不懂移动元素
/*
* %W% %E%
*
* Copyright (c) 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* Linked list implementation of the <tt>List</tt> interface. Implements all
* optional list operations, and permits all elements (including
* <tt>null</tt>). In addition to implementing the <tt>List</tt> interface,
* the <tt>LinkedList</tt> class provides uniformly named methods to
* <tt>get</tt>, <tt>remove</tt> and <tt>insert</tt> an element at the
* beginning and end of the list. These operations allow linked lists to be
* used as a stack, {@linkplain Queue queue}, or {@linkplain Deque
* double-ended queue}. <p>
*
* The class implements the <tt>Deque</tt> interface, providing
* first-in-first-out queue operations for <tt>add</tt>,
* <tt>poll</tt>, along with other stack and deque operations.<p>
*
* All of the operations perform as could be expected for a doubly-linked
* list. Operations that index into the list will traverse the list from
* the beginning or the end, whichever is closer to the specified index.<p>
*
* <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
* If multiple threads access a linked list concurrently, and at least
* one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it <i>must</i> be
* synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation
* that adds or deletes one or more elements; merely setting the value of
* an element is not a structural modification.) This is typically
* accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally
* encapsulates the list.
*
* If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the
* {@link Collections#synchronizedList Collections.synchronizedList}
* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
* unsynchronized access to the list:<pre>
* List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));</pre>
*
* <p>The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> and
* <tt>listIterator</tt> methods are <i>fail-fast</i>: if the list is
* structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in
* any way except through the Iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> or
* <tt>add</tt> methods, the iterator will throw a {@link
* ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of concurrent
* modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than
* risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.
*
* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @version %I%, %G%
* @see List
* @see ArrayList
* @see Vector
* @since 1.2
* @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection
*/
public class LinkedList<E>
extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private transient Entry<E> header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
private transient int size = 0;
/**
* Constructs an empty list.
*/
public LinkedList() {
header.next = header.previous = header;
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Returns the first element in this list.
*
* @return the first element in this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
*/
public E getFirst() {
if (size==0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return header.next.element;
}
/**
* Returns the last element in this list.
*
* @return the last element in this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
*/
public E getLast() {
if (size==0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return header.previous.element;
}
/**
* Removes and returns the first element from this list.
*
* @return the first element from this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
*/
public E removeFirst() {
return modCount(header.next);
}
/**
* Removes and returns the last element from this list.
*
* @return the last element from this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
*/
public E removeLast() {
return remove(header.previous);
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the beginning of this list.
*
* @param e the element to add
*/
public void addFirst(E e) {
addBefore(e, header.next);
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
*
* @param e the element to add
*/
public void addLast(E e) {
addBefore(e, header);
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
* at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) != -1;
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this list.
*
* @return the number of elements in this list
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
addBefore(e, header);
return true;
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If this list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o==null) {
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (e.element==null) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (o.equals(e.element)) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified
* collection's iterator. The behavior of this operation is undefined if
* the specified collection is modified while the operation is in
* progress. (Note that this will occur if the specified collection is
* this list, and it's nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(size, c);
}
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element
* from the specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
// use the object
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
if (numNew==0)
return false;
modCount++;
Entry<E> successor = (index==size ? header : entry(index));
Entry<E> predecessor = successor.previous;
for (int i=0; i<numNew; i++) {
Entry<E> e = new Entry<E>((E)a[i], successor, predecessor);
predecessor.next = e;
predecessor = e;
}
successor.previous = predecessor;
size += numNew;
return true;
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list.
*/
public void clear() {
Entry<E> e = header.next;
while (e != header) {
Entry<E> next = e.next;
e.next = e.previous = null;
e.element = null;
e = next;
}
header.next = header.previous = header;
size = 0;
modCount++;
}
// Positional Access Operations
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
return entry(index).element;
}
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
* specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
Entry<E> e = entry(index);
E oldVal = e.element;
e.element = element;
return oldVal;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
* subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
addBefore(element, (index==size ? header : entry(index)));
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any
* subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
* Returns the element that was removed from the list.
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
return remove(entry(index));
}
/**
* Returns the indexed entry.
*/
private Entry<E> entry(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
Entry<E> e = header;
//decide to use which way to get te index element
//if the index < (size >> 1), for 0 to index
//if the index >= (size >> 1), for size to index
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++)
e = e.next;
} else {
for (int i = size; i > index; i--)
e = e.previous;
}
return e;
}
// Search Operations
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*
* @param o element to search for
* @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
* this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
int index = 0;
if (o==null) {
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (e.element==null)
return index;
index++;
}
} else {
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (o.equals(e.element))
return index;
index++;
}
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*
* @param o element to search for
* @return the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in
* this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
int index = size;
if (o==null) {
for (Entry e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
index--;
if (e.element==null)
return index;
}
} else {
for (Entry e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
index--;
if (o.equals(e.element))
return index;
}
}
return -1;
}
// Queue operations.
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
* @return the head of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty
* @since 1.5
*/
public E peek() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
* @return the head of this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
* @since 1.5
*/
public E element() {
return getFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list
* @return the head of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty
* @since 1.5
*/
public E poll() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
*
* @return the head of this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
* @since 1.5
*/
public E remove() {
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list.
*
* @param e the element to add
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
* @since 1.5
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
return add(e);
}
// Deque operations
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
*
* @param e the element to insert
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
addFirst(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
*
* @param e the element to insert
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean offerLast(E e) {
addLast(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
* if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E peekFirst() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
* if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E peekLast() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getLast();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the first element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
* this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pollFirst() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the last element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
* this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pollLast() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeLast();
}
/**
* Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
*
* @param e the element to push
* @since 1.6
*/
public void push(E e) {
addFirst(e);
}
/**
* Pops an element from the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
*
* @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
* of the stack represented by this list)
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pop() {
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this
* list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
* does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the list contained the specified element
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
return remove(o);
}
/**
* Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this
* list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
* does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the list contained the specified element
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
if (o==null) {
for (Entry<E> e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
if (e.element==null) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Entry<E> e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
if (o.equals(e.element)) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
* Obeys the general contract of <tt>List.listIterator(int)</tt>.<p>
*
* The list-iterator is <i>fail-fast</i>: if the list is structurally
* modified at any time after the Iterator is created, in any way except
* through the list-iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> or <tt>add</tt>
* methods, the list-iterator will throw a
* <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt>. Thus, in the face of
* concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather
* than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.
*
* @param index index of the first element to be returned from the
* list-iterator (by a call to <tt>next</tt>)
* @return a ListIterator of the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @see List#listIterator(int)
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
return new ListItr(index);
}
private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> {
private Entry<E> lastReturned = header;
private Entry<E> next;
private int nextIndex;
private int expectedModCount = modCount;
ListItr(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
next = header.next;
for (nextIndex=0; nextIndex<index; nextIndex++)
next = next.next;
} else {
next = header;
for (nextIndex=size; nextIndex>index; nextIndex--)
next = next.previous;
}
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return nextIndex != size;
}
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
if (nextIndex == size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next;
next = next.next;
nextIndex++;
return lastReturned.element;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return nextIndex != 0;
}
public E previous() {
if (nextIndex == 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next = next.previous;
nextIndex--;
checkForComodification();
return lastReturned.element;
}
public int nextIndex() {
return nextIndex;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return nextIndex-1;
}
public void remove() {
checkForComodification();
Entry<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next;
try {
LinkedList.this.remove(lastReturned);
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
if (next==lastReturned)
next = lastNext;
else
nextIndex--;
lastReturned = header;
expectedModCount++;
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastReturned == header)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
lastReturned.element = e;
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
lastReturned = header;
addBefore(e, next);
nextIndex++;
expectedModCount++;
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
//the linked list node
private static class Entry<E> {
//the linked list Entry has three element
//element
//next
//previous
E element;
Entry<E> next;
Entry<E> previous;
//create a Entry element
Entry(E element, Entry<E> next, Entry<E> previous) {
this.element = element;
this.next = next;
this.previous = previous;
}
}
//add a Entry entry before the specific Element e
private Entry<E> addBefore(E e, Entry<E> entry) {
Entry<E> newEntry = new Entry<E>(e, entry, entry.previous);
newEntry.previous.next = newEntry;
newEntry.next.previous = newEntry;
size++;
modCount++;
return newEntry;
}
private E remove(Entry<E> e) {
if (e == header)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
E result = e.element;
e.previous.next = e.next;
e.next.previous = e.previous;
e.next = e.previous = null;
e.element = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return result;
}
/**
* @since 1.6
*/
public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
return new DescendingIterator();
}
/** Adapter to provide descending iterators via ListItr.previous */
private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator {
final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
public boolean hasNext() {
return itr.hasPrevious();
}
public E next() {
return itr.previous();
}
public void remove() {
itr.remove();
}
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>LinkedList</tt>. (The elements
* themselves are not cloned.)
*
* @return a shallow copy of this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance
*/
public Object clone() {
LinkedList<E> clone = null;
try {
clone = (LinkedList<E>) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
// Put clone into "virgin" state
clone.header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
clone.header.next = clone.header.previous = clone.header;
clone.size = 0;
clone.modCount = 0;
// Initialize clone with our elements
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
clone.add(e.element);
return clone;
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
Object[] result = new Object[size];
int i = 0;
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
result[i++] = e.element;
return result;
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of
* the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits
* in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new
* array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and
* the size of this list.
*
* <p>If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e.,
* the array has more elements than the list), the element in the array
* immediately following the end of the list is set to <tt>null</tt>.
* (This is useful in determining the length of the list <i>only</i> if
* the caller knows that the list does not contain any null elements.)
*
* <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
* array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows
* precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
* under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
*
* <p>Suppose <tt>x</tt> is a list known to contain only strings.
* The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly
* allocated array of <tt>String</tt>:
*
* <pre>
* String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
*
* Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
* <tt>toArray()</tt>.
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
* @return an array containing the elements of the list
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
int i = 0;
Object[] result = a;
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
result[i++] = e.element;
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
private static final long serialVersionUID = 876323262645176354L;
/**
* Save the state of this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The size of the list (the number of elements it
* contains) is emitted (int), followed by all of its
* elements (each an Object) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
s.writeObject(e.element);
}
/**
* Reconstitute this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance from a stream (that is
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in size
int size = s.readInt();
// Initialize header
header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
header.next = header.previous = header;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
addBefore((E)s.readObject(), header);
}
}
通过红色部分代码可以看到，该类定义了一个内部类来模拟节点。java.util.LinkedList在查找元素时是比较低效的，但是在插入、删除时是高效。
java.util.ArrayList与java.util.LinkedList使用总结
如果程序频繁需要获得集合中的某个元素，可以使用ArrayList；比如：学生登录，就需要从数据库查找所有数据，然后放在一个集合中，然后就频繁需要读取集合中的元素。
如果程序频繁需要插入、删除集合中的元素，可以使用LinkedList，比如：购物车，就需要将用户的货物加入集合中，或者从集合中删除。
注意点
采用了泛型的技术，但是类里面又是通过数组来实现的。哈哈，关于泛型，暂时先不讨论，大家只要先理解上面的代码即可。
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