python语法:集合常用操作

不同于普通数据类型, 集合基于hash表存储, 而非连续存储.
集合的声明与字典一样, 都是大括号{}, 唯一不同的是, 字典内是键值对, 而集合内是多种数据类型.
声明空集合时使用empty_set = set(), 而不能用empty_set = {} {} 代表空字典
集合中只会保留不同的数据类型, 所以, 集合通常被用作去重

增

add 向集合中增加元素

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
pet_set.add("pig") 
print(pet_set) # {'dog', 'cat', 'pig', 'goose', 'sheep'}

copy 复制一份集合

注意: 直接赋值时, 两个结合共享同一份内存空间, 一个集合改变会导致另一个集合改变

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
animal_set = pet_set.copy()
pet_set.remove("dog")
print(animal_set) # {'dog', 'cat', 'sheep', 'goose'}

update 将另一个集合合并的当前集合中

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
animal_set = {"pig"}
animal_set.update(pet_set)
print(animal_set) # {'dog', 'goose', 'cat', 'pig', 'sheep'}

删

clear 清空集合

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
pet_set.clear()
print(pet_set) # set()

remove 移除集合中的元素(错误移除报异常)

移除不存在的元素会报异常

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
pet_set.remove("cat")
print(pet_set) # {'dog', 'sheep', 'goose'}
pet_set.remove("xxxx") # KeyError: 'xxxx'

pop 随机移除1个集合中的元素

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
pet_set.pop()
print(pet_set) # {'cat', 'sheep', 'goose'}

discard 移除集合中的元素(错误移除不报异常)

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
pet_set.discard("dog")
print(pet_set) # {'dog', 'cat', 'sheep', 'goose'}
pet_set.discard("xxx")
print(pet_set) # {'dog', 'cat', 'sheep', 'goose'}

查

in, not in

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose", "cat", "sheep"}
print("dog" in pet_set) # True
print("dog" not in pet_set) # False

isdisjoint 判断两个集合没有重复的元素

只要两个结合有相同的元素, 返回false

animal_set = {"cat", "goose", "pig"}
pet_set = {"dog"}
print(pet_set.isdisjoint(animal_set)) # True
bird_set = {"duck", "goose"}
print(bird_set.isdisjoint(animal_set)) # False

issubset 判断原集合是否为目标集合的子集

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"cat", "goose"}
print(pet_set.issubset(animal_set)) # True
print(animal_set.issubset(pet_set)) # False

isupperset 判断原集合是否为目标集合的父集

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"cat", "goose"}
print(animal_set.issuperset(pet_set)) # True
print(pet_set.issuperset(animal_set)) # False

交集

& 计算两个集合的交集

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
animal_set = {"pig", "cat", "dog"}
print(pet_set & animal_set) # {'dog', 'cat'}

intersection 获取与目标集合的交集, 与&符号运算结果相同

intersection 获取交集后, 并不会改变原集合的值

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
animal_set = {"pig", "cat", "dog"}
print(pet_set.intersection(animal_set))

intersection_update 获取与目标集合的交集, 并改变原集合的值

pet_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
animal_set = {"pig", "goose"}
bird_set = {"duck", "eagle", "goose"}
pet_set.intersection_update(animal_set, bird_set)
print(pet_set)

并集

| 计算两个结合的并集

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"pig", "goose"}
print(pet_set | animal_set) # {'dog', 'goose', 'cat', 'pig'}

union 计算原集合与目标集合的并集, 与|运算符结果相同

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"pig", "goose"}
print(pet_set.union(animal_set)) # {'dog', 'goose', 'cat', 'pig'}

差集

difference 返回原集合中存在, 目标集合中没有的元素集合

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"pig", "goose"}
print(pet_set.difference(animal_set)) # {'pig'}

symmetric_difference 返回原集合与目标集合不重复的集合

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"pig", "goose"}
print(animal_set.symmetric_difference(pet_set)) # {'dog', 'cat', 'pig'}
print( (animal_set | pet_set).difference(animal_set & pet_set) ) # {'dog', 'cat', 'pig'}

symmetric_difference_update 返回原集合与目标集合不重复的集合, 并结果修改原集合

animal_set = {"dog", "cat", "goose"}
pet_set = {"pig", "goose"}
animal_set.symmetric_difference_update(pet_set)
print(animal_set) # {'dog', 'cat', 'pig'}