#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
while(cin >> n)
{
if(n == -1)
break;
while(n--)
{
int d, m;
cin >> d >> m;
int k = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < d-1; i++)
{
if(m%2) {k=2*k; m=(m+1)/2;}
else {k=2*k+1; m/=2;}
}
cout << k << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}