第9章 魔法用法、特性和迭代器(重读)

9.1 如果你使用的不是Python3

9.2 构造函数

>>> class FooBar:
    def __init__(self):
        self.somevar = 42


>>> f = FooBar()
>>> f.somevar
42
>>> 

>>> class Foobar:
    def __init__(self, value = 42):
        self.somevar = value


>>> f = Foobar('This is a constructor argument')
>>> f.somevar
'This is a constructor argument'
>>> 

9.2.1 重写普通方法和特殊的构造函数

9.2.2 调用未关联的超类构造函数

>>> class SongBird(Bird):
    def __init__(self):
        Bird.__init__(self)
        self.sound = 'Squawk!'

9.2.3 使用函数super

super().__init__()

9.3 元素访问

9.3.1 基本的序列和映射协议

9.3.2 从list、dict和str派生
标准库中，模块collections提供了抽象和具体的基类，可以继承内置类型。

9.4 其他魔法方法

9.5 特性

9.5.1 函数property

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self):
        self.width = 0
        self.height = 0
    def set_size(self,size):
        self.width,self.height = size
    def get_size(self):
        return self.width,self.height
    size = property(get_size,set_size)

>>> r = Rectangle()
>>> r.width = 10
>>> r.height = 5
>>> r.size
(10, 5)
>>> r.size = 150,100
>>> r.width
150
>>> 

9.5.2 静态方法和类方法

class MyClass:

    @staticmethod
    def smeth():
        print('this is a static method')


    @classmethod
    def cmeth(cls):
        print('this is a class method of', cls)

>>> MyClass.smeth()
this is a static method
>>> MyClass.cmeth()
this is a class method of <class '__main__.MyClass'>
>>> 

9.5.3 __getattr__、__setattr__等方法

9.6 迭代器

9.6.1 迭代器协议
迭代器协议

class Fibs:

    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 0
        self.b = 1

    def __next__(self):
        self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b
        return self.a

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

>>> fibs = Fibs()
>>> for f in fibs:
    if f > 100:
        break
    else:
        print(f," ")


1  
1  
2  
3  
5  
8  
13  
21  
34  
55  
89  

9.6.2 从迭代器创建序列

9.7 生成器

9.7.1 创建生成器

def flatten(nested):
    for sublist in nested:
        for element in sublist:
            yield element

>>> nested = [[1,2],[3,4],[5]]
>>> for num in flatten(nested):
    print(num)


1
2
3
4
5
>>> 

9.7.2 递归式

>>> def flatten(nested):
    try:
        for sublist in nested:
            for element in flatten(sublist):
                yield element
    except TypeError:
        print('1: ',nested)
        yield nested

9.7.3 通用生成器

>>> def simple_generator():
    yield 1
>>> for i in simple_generator():
    print(i)


1
>>> 

9.7.4 生成器的方法