c++oop分析二：

动态内存和类

stringBad类包含一个字符串指针和一个字符串长度的值。使用new 和delete来动态开发该类：

// strngbad.h -- flawed string class definition
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS //加入放弃安全检查
#include <iostream>
#ifndef STRNGBAD_H_
#define STRNGBAD_H_
class StringBad
{
private:
    char * str;                // pointer to string
    int len;                   // length of string
    static int num_strings;    // number of objects
public:
    StringBad(const char * s); // constructor
    StringBad();               // default constructor
    ~StringBad();              // destructor
// friend function
    friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, 
                       const StringBad & st);
};
#endif

// strngbad.cpp -- StringBad class methods
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <cstring>                    // string.h for some
#include "strngbad.h"
using std::cout;

// initializing static class member
int StringBad::num_strings = 0;

// class methods

// construct StringBad from C string
StringBad::StringBad(const char * s)
{
    len = std::strlen(s);             // set size
    str = new char[len + 1];          // allot storage
    std::strcpy(str, s);              // initialize pointer
    num_strings++;                    // set object count
    cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
         << "\" object created\n";    // For Your Information
}

StringBad::StringBad()                // default constructor
{
    len = 4;
    str = new char[4];
    std::strcpy(str, "C++");          // default string
    num_strings++;
    cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
         << "\" default object created\n";  // FYI
}

StringBad::~StringBad()               // necessary destructor
{
    cout << "\"" << str << "\" object deleted, ";    // FYI
    --num_strings;                    // required
    cout << num_strings << " left\n"; // FYI
    delete [] str;                    // required
}

std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const StringBad & st)
{
    os << st.str;
    return os; 
}

// vegnews.cpp -- using new and delete with classes
// compile with strngbad.cpp
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "strngbad.h"

void callme1(StringBad &);  // pass by reference
void callme2(StringBad);    // pass by value

int main()
{
    using std::endl;
    {
        cout << "Starting an inner block.\n";
        StringBad headline1("Celery Stalks at Midnight");
        StringBad headline2("Lettuce Prey");
        StringBad sports("Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars");
        cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;
        cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;
        cout << "sports: " << sports << endl;
        callme1(headline1);
        cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;
        callme2(headline2);
        cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;
        cout << "Initialize one object to another:\n";
        StringBad sailor = sports;
        cout << "sailor: " << sailor << endl;
        cout << "Assign one object to another:\n";
        StringBad knot;
        knot = headline1;
        cout << "knot: " << knot << endl; 
        cout << "Exiting the block.\n";
    }
    cout << "End of main()\n";
    // std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}

void callme1(StringBad & rsb)
{
    cout << "String passed by reference:\n";
    cout << "    \"" << rsb << "\"\n";
}

void callme2(StringBad sb)
{
    cout << "String passed by value:\n";
    cout << "    \"" << sb << "\"\n";
}

nums_string被创建为静态类变量，所有对象共享同一个静态成员。
构造函数：
StringBad::StringBad(const char * s)
{
len = std::strlen(s); // set size
str = new char[len + 1]; // allot storage
std::strcpy(str, s); // initialize pointer
num_strings++; // set object count
cout << num_strings << “: \”” << str
<< “\” object created\n”; // For Your Information
}
析构函数：
StringBad::~StringBad() // necessary destructor
{
cout << “\”” << str << “\” object deleted, “; // FYI
–num_strings; // required
cout << num_strings << ” left\n”; // FYI
delete [] str; // required
}
一般的在构造函数里面使用new来分配内存，必须在相应的析构函数中用delete来释放内存。
下面分析程序运行情况：

Starting an inner block.
1: "Celery Stalks at Midnight" object created
2: "Lettuce Prey" object created
3: "Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars" object created
headline1: Celery Stalks at Midnight
headline2: Lettuce Prey
sports: Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars
String passed by reference:
    "Celery Stalks at Midnight"
headline1: Celery Stalks at Midnight
String passed by value:
    "Lettuce Prey"
"Lettuce Prey" object deleted, 2 left
headline2: 葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺菅
Initialize one object to another:
sailor: Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars
Assign one object to another:
3: "C++" default object created
knot: Celery Stalks at Midnight
Exiting the block.
"Celery Stalks at Midnight" object deleted, 2 left
"Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars" object deleted, 1 left
"葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺葺" object deleted, 0 left

*结果分析：
程序明显出现乱码，就是复制构造函数惹的祸，即
在使用下列语句初始化对象的时候：
StringBad sailor = sports;
knot = headline1;
编译器自动生成复制构造函数为对象创建一个副本，但此函数并不知道要更新静态变量
nums_string。*

解决：
定义一个显示的复制构造函数来解决问题：也就是说进行深度复制，复制构造函数应当复制字符串并将副本的地址给str成员，而不仅仅是复制字符串的地址。

String::String(const String & st)
{
    num_strings++;             // handle static member update
    len = st.len;              // same length
    str = new char [len + 1];  // allot space
    std::strcpy(str, st.str);  // copy string to new location
}

关于赋值运算符

c++允许类对象赋值，这是通过自动为类重载赋值运算符实现的。
例如：
StringBad &StringBad::operator=(const StringBad &)

下面解决赋值的问题：
（1）由于目标对象可能引用了以前的数据，所以函数使用delete[]来释放这些数据。
（2）函数应该避免对象赋给自身；
（3）函数返回一个指向调用对象的引用

String & String::operator=(const String & st)
{
    if (this == &st)
        return *this;
    delete [] str;
    len = st.len;
    str = new char[len + 1];
    std::strcpy(str, st.str);
    return *this;
}