第十二讲 MySQL之高可用组件MHA

1 简介

MHA（Master High Availability）是由日本人yoshinorim开发的一款成熟且开源的MySQL高可用程序，它实现了MySQL主从环境下MASTER宕机后能够自动进行单次故障转移的功能，其本身由perl语言编写，安装方便，使用简单

MHA Master可以单独部署在一台独立的机器上管理多个master-slave集群，也可以部署在一台slave节点上

MHA Manager主要运行一些工具，比如masterha_manager工具实现自动监控MySQL Master和实现master故障切换，其它工具实现手动实现master故障切换、在线master转移、连接检查等

MHA Node部署在所有运行MySQL的服务器上，无论是master还是slave。主要作用有三个

Ⅰ、保存二进制日志 如果能够访问故障master，会拷贝master的二进制日志

II、应用差异中继日志 从拥有最新数据的slave上生成差异中继日志，然后应用差异日志

III、清除中继日志 在不停止SQL线程的情况下删除中继日志

MHA工作原理

1. 从宕机崩溃的Master保存二进制日志事件（binlog event）；
2. 识别含有最新更新的Slave；
3. 应用差异的中继日志（relay log）到其他Slave；
4. 应用从Master保存的二进制日志事件；
5. 提升一个Slave为新的Master；
6. 使其他的Slave连接新的Master进行复制；

MHA数据补偿

• 当SSH能连接,从库对比主库GTID 或者position号,立即将二进制日志保存至各个从节点并且应用(save_binary_logs )
• 当SSH不能连接, 对比从库之间的relaylog的差异(apply_diff_relay_logs)

2 环境部署

节点	ip
主节点	10.243.95.3
从节点1	10.243.95.4
从节点2	10.243.95.5

数据库复制一主两从架构，MHA node部署在每个节点上，MHA manager部署在从节点2上

2.1 建立SSH互信

#各节点生成rsa密钥
ssh-keygen -t rsa
#发送密钥至三台服务器实现互信
ssh-copy-id root@10.243.95.3
ssh-copy-id root@10.243.95.4
ssh-copy-id root@10.243.95.5

2.2 搭建主从复制

具体内容见上篇主从复制，注意mha57以下版本不支持GTID事务，需避雷，按需选择下面的部署方法

2.3 安装依赖包

2.3.1 MHA-0.57-el6版本

#1.所有节点安装以下依赖包
yum -y install perl-DBD-MySQL perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker perl-CPAN
yum install -y perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Config-Tiny perl-Log-Dispatch perl-Parallel-ForkManager perl-Time-HiRes
#2.所有节点安装mha-node包
rpm -ivh  mha4mysql-node-0.57-0.el6.noarch.rpm
#3.管理节点安装mha-manage包
rpm -ivh  mha4mysql-manager-0.57-0.el6.noarch.rpm

2.3.2 MHA-0.55-el6版本

#1.解压mha包
unzip -u mha_pack.zip
cd mha_pack/mha_pack/rhel6/mha2
#2.安装依赖
rpm -ivh perl-DBI-1.609-4.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-DBD-MySQL-4.013-3.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh mha4mysql-node-0.54-0.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-DBI-1.609-4.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-DBD-MySQL-4.013-3.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh mha4mysql-node-0.54-0.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Config-Tiny-2.12-7.1.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-TimeDate-1.16-11.1.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-MailTools-2.04-4.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Email-Date-Format-1.002-5.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-MIME-Types-1.28-2.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-MIME-Lite-3.027-2.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Mail-Sender-0.8.16-3.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Mail-Sendmail-0.79-12.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Params-Validate-0.92-3.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Log-Dispatch-2.27-1.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Parallel-ForkManager-0.7.9-1.el6.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh perl-Time-HiRes-1.9721-127.el6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh mha4mysql-manager-0.55-0.el6.noarch.rpm

2.4 配置文件

新建mha配置文件：vi /etc/masterha/app1.cnf

[server default]
# mysql root user and password
user=root
password=123456

# mysql log locations
#master_binlog_dir=/mysql/data

# user to use SSH around the cluster
ssh_user=root

# repl user and password
repl_user=repl
repl_password=123456

# working directory on the manager
manager_log=/root/mha/log/manager.log
manager_workdir=/root/mha/log
#remote_workdir=/mysql/mha/log

# MHA ping interval
ping_interval=5

## scripts to support MHA functions
## secondary_check_script= /usr/bin/masterha_secondary_check -s remote_host1 -s remote_host2
master_ip_failover_script= /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_failover
## shutdown_script= /usr/local/masterha/scripts/power_manager
## report_script= /usr/local/masterha/scripts/send_report
master_ip_online_change_script= /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_online_change

# masters
[server1]
hostname=10.243.95.3
port=3306
candidate_master=1
master_binlog_dir=/opt/mysql/binlog
remote_workdir=/root/mha/log

[server2]
hostname=10.243.95.4
port=3306
candidate_master=1
check_repl_delay=0
master_binlog_dir=/opt/mysql/binlog
remote_workdir=/root/mha/log

[server3]
hostname=10.243.95.5
port=3306 
candidate_master=1
check_repl_delay=0
master_binlog_dir=/opt/mysql/binlog
remote_workdir=/root/mha/log

2.5 切换脚本

1）创建一些目录

#建立mha的文件夹
mkdir -p /root/mha/conf
mkdir -p /root/mha/log 
mkdir -p /root/mha/scripts
chmod -R 777 /root/mha/scripts

2）新建脚本

• 在线切换脚本

vi /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_online_change

#!/usr/bin/env perl

#  Copyright (C) 2011 DeNA Co.,Ltd.
#
#  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#  GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
#  Foundation, Inc.,
#  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

## Note: This is a sample script and is not complete. Modify the script based on your environment.

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';

use Getopt::Long;
use MHA::DBHelper;
use MHA::NodeUtil;
use Time::HiRes qw( sleep gettimeofday tv_interval );
use Data::Dumper;

my $_tstart;
my $_running_interval = 0.1;
my (
  $command, $ssh_user,         $orig_master_host, $orig_master_ip,
  $orig_master_port, $orig_master_user, $orig_master_password,
  $new_master_host,  $new_master_ip,    $new_master_port,
  $new_master_user,  $new_master_password
);

my $vip = '192.168.90.30';  # writer Virtual IP
my $gw = `route|grep default|awk '{print \$2}'`;
chomp($gw);
my $interface = 'eth0';  # network interface
my $ssh_start_vip = "ip addr add $vip/32 dev $interface";
my $ssh_ping = "arping -U -I $interface -s $vip $gw -c 5";
my $ssh_stop_vip = "ip addr del $vip/32 dev $interface";

GetOptions(
  'command=s'              => \$command,
  'ssh_user=s'         	   => \$ssh_user,
  'orig_master_host=s'     => \$orig_master_host,
  'orig_master_ip=s'       => \$orig_master_ip,
  'orig_master_port=i'     => \$orig_master_port,
  'orig_master_user=s'     => \$orig_master_user,
  'orig_master_password=s' => \$orig_master_password,
  'new_master_host=s'      => \$new_master_host,
  'new_master_ip=s'        => \$new_master_ip,
  'new_master_port=i'      => \$new_master_port,
  'new_master_user=s'      => \$new_master_user,
  'new_master_password=s'  => \$new_master_password,
);

$ssh_user = 'root' unless ($ssh_user);

exit &main();

sub current_time_us {
  my ( $sec, $microsec ) = gettimeofday();
  my $curdate = localtime($sec);
  return $curdate . " " . sprintf( "%06d", $microsec );
}

sub sleep_until {
  my $elapsed = tv_interval($_tstart);
  if ( $_running_interval > $elapsed ) {
    sleep( $_running_interval - $elapsed );
  }
}

sub get_threads_util {
  my $dbh                    = shift;
  my $my_connection_id       = shift;
  my $running_time_threshold = shift;
  my $type                   = shift;
  $running_time_threshold = 0 unless ($running_time_threshold);
  $type                   = 0 unless ($type);
  my @threads;

  my $sth = $dbh->prepare("SHOW PROCESSLIST");
  $sth->execute();

  while ( my $ref = $sth->fetchrow_hashref() ) {
    my $id         = $ref->{Id};
    my $user       = $ref->{User};
    my $host       = $ref->{Host};
    my $command    = $ref->{Command};
    my $state      = $ref->{State};
    my $query_time = $ref->{Time};
    my $info       = $ref->{Info};
    $info =~ s/^\s*(.*?)\s*$/$1/ if defined($info);
    next if ( $my_connection_id == $id );
    next if ( defined($query_time) && $query_time < $running_time_threshold );
    next if ( defined($command)    && $command eq "Binlog Dump" );
    next if ( defined($user)       && $user eq "system user" );
    next
      if ( defined($command)
      && $command eq "Sleep"
      && defined($query_time)
      && $query_time >= 1 );

    if ( $type >= 1 ) {
      next if ( defined($command) && $command eq "Sleep" );
      next if ( defined($command) && $command eq "Connect" );
    }

    if ( $type >= 2 ) {
      next if ( defined($info) && $info =~ m/^select/i );
      next if ( defined($info) && $info =~ m/^show/i );
    }

    push @threads, $ref;
  }
  return @threads;
}

sub main {
  if ( $command eq "stop" ) {
    ## Gracefully killing connections on the current master
    # 1. Set read_only= 1 on the new master
    # 2. Set read_only= 1 on the current master
    # 3. Kill current queries
    # 4. Deegister original master's ip to the catalog database
    # * Any database access failure will result in script die.
    my $exit_code = 1;
    eval {
      ## Setting read_only=1 on the new master (to avoid accident)
      my $new_master_handler = new MHA::DBHelper();

      # args: hostname, port, user, password, raise_error(die_on_error)_or_not
      $new_master_handler->connect( $new_master_ip, $new_master_port,
        $new_master_user, $new_master_password, 1 );
      print current_time_us() . " Set read_only on the new master.. ";
      $new_master_handler->enable_read_only();
      if ( $new_master_handler->is_read_only() ) {
        print "ok.\n";
      }
      else {
        die "Failed!\n";
      }
      $new_master_handler->disconnect();

      # Connecting to the orig master, die if any database error happens
      my $orig_master_handler = new MHA::DBHelper();
      $orig_master_handler->connect( $orig_master_ip, $orig_master_port,
        $orig_master_user, $orig_master_password, 1 );

      ## Drop application user so that nobody can connect. Disabling per-session binlog beforehand
      $orig_master_handler->disable_log_bin_local();

      ## Waiting for N * 100 milliseconds so that current connections can exit
      my $time_until_read_only = 15;
      $_tstart = [gettimeofday];
      my @threads = get_threads_util( $orig_master_handler->{dbh},
        $orig_master_handler->{connection_id} );
      while ( $time_until_read_only > 0 && $#threads >= 0 ) {
        if ( $time_until_read_only % 5 == 0 ) {
          printf
"%s Waiting all running %d threads are disconnected.. (max %d milliseconds)\n",
            current_time_us(), $#threads + 1, $time_until_read_only * 100;
          if ( $#threads < 5 ) {
            print Data::Dumper->new( [$_] )->Indent(0)->Terse(1)->Dump . "\n"
              foreach (@threads);
          }
        }
        sleep_until();
        $_tstart = [gettimeofday];
        $time_until_read_only--;
        @threads = get_threads_util( $orig_master_handler->{dbh},
          $orig_master_handler->{connection_id} );
      }

      ## Setting read_only=1 on the current master so that nobody(except SUPER) can write
      print current_time_us() . " Set read_only=1 on the orig master.. ";
      $orig_master_handler->enable_read_only();
      if ( $orig_master_handler->is_read_only() ) {
        print "ok.\n";
      }
      else {
        die "Failed!\n";
      }

      ## Waiting for M * 100 milliseconds so that current update queries can complete
      my $time_until_kill_threads = 5;
      @threads = get_threads_util( $orig_master_handler->{dbh},
        $orig_master_handler->{connection_id} );
      while ( $time_until_kill_threads > 0 && $#threads >= 0 ) {
        if ( $time_until_kill_threads % 5 == 0 ) {
          printf
"%s Waiting all running %d queries are disconnected.. (max %d milliseconds)\n",
            current_time_us(), $#threads + 1, $time_until_kill_threads * 100;
          if ( $#threads < 5 ) {
            print Data::Dumper->new( [$_] )->Indent(0)->Terse(1)->Dump . "\n"
              foreach (@threads);
          }
        }
        sleep_until();
        $_tstart = [gettimeofday];
        $time_until_kill_threads--;
        @threads = get_threads_util( $orig_master_handler->{dbh},
          $orig_master_handler->{connection_id} );
      }

      ## Terminating all threads
      print current_time_us() . " Killing all application threads..\n";
      $orig_master_handler->kill_threads(@threads) if ( $#threads >= 0 );
      print current_time_us() . " done.\n";
      $orig_master_handler->enable_log_bin_local();
      $orig_master_handler->disconnect();

	  ## Deregister original master's VIP
	  print "Disabling the VIP on old master: $orig_master_host \n";
      &stop_vip();
	  $exit_code = 10;
	  
      ## After finishing the script, MHA executes FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK
      $exit_code = 0;
    };
    if ($@) {
      warn "Got Error: $@\n";
      exit $exit_code;
    }
    exit $exit_code;
  }
  elsif ( $command eq "start" ) {
    # 1. Register new master's ip to the catalog database

# We don't return error even though activating updatable accounts/ip failed so that we don't interrupt slaves' recovery.
# If exit code is 0 or 10, MHA does not abort
    my $exit_code = 10;
    eval {
      ## Update master ip on the catalog database, etc
      print "Enabling the VIP - $vip on the new master - $new_master_host \n";
      &start_vip();
      
      $exit_code = 0;
    };
    if ($@) {
      warn "Got Error: $@\n";
      exit $exit_code;
    }
    exit $exit_code;
  }
  elsif ( $command eq "status" ) {

    # do nothing
    exit 0;
  }
  else {
    &usage();
    exit 1;
  }
}

# A simple system call that enable the VIP on the new master 
sub start_vip() {
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$new_master_host \" $ssh_start_vip \"`;
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$new_master_host \" $ssh_ping \"`;
}

# A simple system call that disable the VIP on the old_master
sub stop_vip() {
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$orig_master_host \" $ssh_stop_vip \"`;
}

sub usage {
  print
"Usage: master_ip_online_change --command=start|stop|status --orig_master_host=host --orig_master_ip=ip --orig_master_port=port --new_master_host=host --new_master_ip=ip --new_master_port=port\n";
  die;
}

• 故障切换脚本

vi /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_failover

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';

use Getopt::Long;

my (
    $command,          $ssh_user,        $orig_master_host, $orig_master_ip,
    $orig_master_port, $new_master_host, $new_master_ip,    $new_master_port, $new_master_user, $new_master_password
);

my $vip = '192.168.90.30';  # writer Virtual IP 
my $gw = `route|grep default|awk '{print \$2}'`;
chomp($gw);
my $interface = 'eth0';  # network interface
my $ssh_start_vip = "ip addr add $vip/32 dev $interface";
my $ssh_ping = "arping -U -I $interface -s $vip $gw -c 5";
my $ssh_stop_vip = "ip addr del $vip/32 dev $interface";
my $ssh_status_vip = "vip2=\`ifconfig eth0 \`;echo \$vip2>>/root/1.log;";

GetOptions(
    'command=s'          => \$command,
    'ssh_user=s'         => \$ssh_user,
    'orig_master_host=s' => \$orig_master_host,
    'orig_master_ip=s'   => \$orig_master_ip,
    'orig_master_port=i' => \$orig_master_port,
    'new_master_host=s'  => \$new_master_host,
    'new_master_ip=s'    => \$new_master_ip,
    'new_master_port=i'  => \$new_master_port,
    'new_master_user=s'  => \$new_master_user,
    'new_master_password=s'  => \$new_master_password
);

exit &main();

sub main {

	my $exit_code;

    print "\n\nIN SCRIPT TEST====$ssh_stop_vip==$ssh_start_vip===\n\n"; 

    if ( $command eq "stop" || $command eq "stopssh" ) {

        # $orig_master_host, $orig_master_ip, $orig_master_port are passed.
        # If you manage master ip address at global catalog database,
        # invalidate orig_master_ip here.
        $exit_code = 1;
        eval {
            print "Disabling the VIP on old master: $orig_master_host \n";
            &stop_vip();
            $exit_code = 0;
        };
        if ($@) {
            warn "Got Error: $@\n";
            $exit_code = 0;
            exit $exit_code;
        }
        exit $exit_code;
    }
    elsif ( $command eq "start" ) {

        # all arguments are passed.
        # If you manage master ip address at global catalog database,
        # activate new_master_ip here.
        # You can also grant write access (create user, set read_only=0, etc) here.
        $exit_code = 10;
        eval {
            print "Enabling the VIP - $vip on the new master - $new_master_host \n";
            &start_vip();
            $exit_code = 0;
        };
        if ($@) {
            warn $@;
            exit $exit_code;
        }
        exit $exit_code;
    }
    elsif ( $command eq "status" ) {
        $exit_code = 10;
        eval {
            print "status the VIP - $vip on the master - $orig_master_host \n";
            #&status_vip();
            $exit_code = 0;
        };
        if ($@) {
            warn $@;
            exit $exit_code;
        }
        exit $exit_code;
    }
    else {
        &usage();
        exit 1;
    }
}

# A simple system call that enable the VIP on the new master 
sub start_vip() {
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$new_master_host \" $ssh_start_vip \"`;
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$new_master_host \" $ssh_ping \"`;
}
# A simple system call that disable the VIP on the old_master
sub stop_vip() {
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$orig_master_host \" $ssh_stop_vip \"`;
}

sub status_vip() {
    `ssh $ssh_user\@$orig_master_host \" $ssh_status_vip \"`;
}

sub usage {
    print
    "Usage: master_ip_failover --command=start|stop|stopssh|status --orig_master_host=host --orig_master_ip=ip --orig_master_port=port --new_master_host=host --new_master_ip=ip --new_master_port=port  --new_master_user=user  --new_master_password=password\n";
}

• 授予脚本执行权限

chmod +x /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_online_change
chmod +x /root/mha/scripts/master_ip_failover

2.6 MHA验证测试

2.6.1 SSH通信检查

masterha_check_ssh --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf
#Thu May 12 10:09:13 2022 - [info] All SSH connection tests passed successfully.

2.6.2 主从复制状态检查

masterha_check_repl --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf
#status the VIP - 10.243.95.100 on the master - 10.243.95.4 
#Thu May 12 10:09:33 2022 - [info]  OK.
#Thu May 12 10:09:33 2022 - [warning] shutdown_script is not defined.
#Thu May 12 10:09:33 2022 - [info] Got exit code 0 (Not master dead).
#MySQL Replication Health is OK.

注：若提示用户无repl权限且确认已添加，检查mysql.user表下的repl用户是否存在其它host存在repl权限为N的行，因为mha检查到任意行存在N即返回失败

2.6.3 故障自动切换验证

1、开启三个数据库节点实例，确保主从复制状态正常(执行2.6.2操作)

2、后台打开监控程序，并持续监控日志

#打开MHA监控程序
nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf > /root/mha/log/manager.log < /dev/null 2>&1 &
#监控日志输出
tail -f /root/mha/log/manager.log

3、模拟宕机

#切断主节点网络或关闭MySQL进程
mysqladmin  -uroot  -h127.1  -p123456 shutdown;

4、完成切换

故障切换内容：

• 检查到master不通，尝试继续ping检查，达到阈值5触发自动切换
• 若配置文件未指定候选节点，根据日志量选举新的master主节点
• 若主节点未宕机，移除原master节点的vip
• 其他节点与新的master建立复制关系，主从复制同步中
• 新master节点启动vip，完成切换

2.6.4 手动切换

1）主节点已宕机

masterha_master_switch --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf --master_state=dead --dead_master_host=10.243.95.3 --dead_master_port=3306 --new_master_host=10.243.95.4 --new_master_port=3306

2）主节点未宕机

masterha_master_switch --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf --master_state=alive --new_master_host=10.243.95.3 --new_master_port=3306 --orig_master_is_new_slave

附：

当dead 的库被拉起后复制状态异常，需将原主库切换成从库：

#GTID开启的情况下，如未开启需指定pos偏移量
change master to 
        master_host='10.243.95.3',
        master_port=3306,
        master_user='repl',
        master_password='123456';
#开始 
start slave;