结构体(1)

定义结构体struct和初始化

struct student {
    int id;
    char name[100];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    struct student s1 = {1, "张三", 15};
    struct student s2 = {.id = 2, .name = "李四", .age = 16};

    return 0
}

访问结构体成员

.操作符

struct student {
    int id;
    char name[100];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    struct student s1 = {1, "张三", 15};
    struct student s2 = {.id = 2, .name = "李四", .age = 16};
    printf("s1.name = %s\n", s1.name);
    return 0
}

结构体的内存对齐模式

结构在内存的大小是和结构成员最长的那个元素相关的
编译器在编译一个结构的时候采用内存对齐模式

struct student {
    int id;
    char name[100];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    struct student s1 = {1, "张三", 15};
    struct student s2 = {.id = 2, .name = "李四", .age = 16};
    printf("s1 = %d\n", sizeof(s1));
    return 0
}

结果：108

指定结构体元素的位字段

定义一个结构体的时候可以指定具体元素的位长

struct test{
    char a : 2;//指定元素为2位长，不是2个字节长
};

结构数组

struct student {
    int id;
    char name[100];
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    struct student s[2] = {{1, "张三", 15}, {2, "李四", 16}};
}

嵌套结构

struct names{
    char first[100];
    char last[100];
};
struct man{
    struct names name;
    int age;
};
struct man m = { { "wang", "wu" }, 20 };

结构体的赋值

struct name a = b;
结构的赋值其实就是两个结构内存的拷贝
相当于: memcpy(&a, &b, sizeof(b))

如果结构体成员有指针元素，那么就不能直接赋值:

struct student {
    int id;
    char *name;
    int age;
};

int main()
{
    // 普通赋值.
    struct student s1 = {1, "张三", 15};
    struct student s2;
    s2 = s1;
    s1.name = "hello";
    print("s2.name = %s\n", s2.name); // 结果是:张三

    // 创建堆内存赋值.
    s1.id = 1;
    s1.name = malloc(10);
    strcpy(s1.name, "hello");
    s1.age = 16;

    s2 = s1;
    s1.name[1] = '0';
    printf("s2.name = %s\n",s2.name); // 结果是:h0llo

    // 创建堆内存赋值.
    s1.id = 1;
    s1.name = malloc(10);
    strcpy(s1.name, "hello");
    s1.age = 16;
    free(s1.name);

    s2.id = s1.id;
    s2.name = malloc(strlen(s1.name) + 1);
    strcpy(s2.name, s1.name);
    s2.age = s1.age;
    s1.name[1] = '0';
    printf("s2.name = %s\n",s2.name); // 结果是:hello
    free(s1.name);
    free(s2.name);

    return 0;
}

指向结构体的指针

–>操作符

struct student {
    int id;
    char name[100];
    int age;
}

int main()
{
    struct student s1 = {1, "张三", 15};
    struct student *p = &s1;
    printf("p.name = %s\n", p->name);

    return 0;
}