leetcode 题号#36 有效的数独

##题目
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判断一个 9x9 的数独是否有效。只需要根据以下规则，验证已经填入>的数字是否有效即可。

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。
   
   数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。
   示例 1:
   输入:
   [
   [“5”,“3”,".",".",“7”,".",".",".","."],
   [“6”,".",".",“1”,“9”,“5”,".",".","."],
   [".",“9”,“8”,".",".",".",".",“6”,"."],
   [“8”,".",".",".",“6”,".",".",".",“3”],
   [“4”,".",".",“8”,".",“3”,".",".",“1”],
   [“7”,".",".",".",“2”,".",".",".",“6”],
   [".",“6”,".",".",".",".",“2”,“8”,"."],
   [".",".",".",“4”,“1”,“9”,".",".",“5”],
   [".",".",".",".",“8”,".",".",“7”,“9”]
   ]
   输出: true

示例 2:
输入:
[
  [“8”,“3”,".",".",“7”,".",".",".","."],
  [“6”,".",".",“1”,“9”,“5”,".",".","."],
  [".",“9”,“8”,".",".",".",".",“6”,"."],
  [“8”,".",".",".",“6”,".",".",".",“3”],
  [“4”,".",".",“8”,".",“3”,".",".",“1”],
  [“7”,".",".",".",“2”,".",".",".",“6”],
  [".",“6”,".",".",".",".",“2”,“8”,"."],
  [".",".",".",“4”,“1”,“9”,".",".",“5”],
  [".",".",".",".",“8”,".",".",“7”,“9”]
]
输出: false
解释: 除了第一行的第一个数字从 5 改为 8 以外，空格内其他数字均与 示例1 相同。
但由于位于左上角的 3x3 宫内有两个 8 存在, 因此这个数独是无效的。

说明:

• 一个有效的数独（部分已被填充）不一定是可解的。
• 只需要根据以上规则，验证已经填入的数字是否有效即可。
• 给定数独序列只包含数字 1-9 和字符 '.' 。
• 给定数独永远是 9x9 形式的。

##解题思路
理解题目后，初步的破解方式就是对是否数独的三个标准分别进行验证，一旦有一个标准不符合，方法就返回false，横和纵的验证还好，分别做嵌套循环比对就行，而粗线标记的小9宫格内要验证需要推导一下下标公式，这种方式会出现三个三层的嵌套循环，时间复杂度为O(n³)。

因为想降低时间复杂度，我想到使用Set会消除重复元素的特点，将三个标准做成三个Set，将三个标准要验证的数据放入Set中，并且记数被放入多少数字到Set，最后对比Set的size和记数和数字个数就能知道相应标准下是否有重复数字，这样可以将三层嵌套循环改善为两层。并且三个标准可以同时整合到一个循环中，代码如下。

class Solution {
    public boolean isValidSudoku(char[][] board) {
        int i = 0, j = 0;
        int rowCount = 0, colCount = 0, squareCount = 0;
        Set<String> rowSet = new HashSet<>();
        Set<String> colSet = new HashSet<>();
        Set<String> squareSet = new HashSet<>();

        
        for (i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            for (j = 0; j < board[i].length; j++) {
                if ('.' != board[i][j]) {
                    rowCount++;
                    rowSet.add(String.valueOf(board[i][j]));
                }

                if ('.' != board[j][i]) {
                    colCount++;
                    colSet.add(String.valueOf(board[j][i]));
                }

                if ('.' != board[i / 3 * 3 + j / 3][i * 3 % 9 + j % 3]) {
                    squareCount++;
                    squareSet.add(String.valueOf(board[i / 3 * 3 + j / 3][i * 3 % 9 + j % 3]));
                }
            }

            if (rowCount > rowSet.size() || colCount > colSet.size() || squareCount > squareSet.size()) {
                return false;
            }

            rowCount = 0;
            colCount = 0;
            squareCount = 0;
            rowSet.clear();
            colSet.clear();
            squareSet.clear();
        }
        
        return true;
    }
}