222. Count Complete Tree Nodes

题：

Given a complete binary tree, count the number of nodes.

Definition of a complete binary tree from Wikipedia:
In a complete binary tree every level, except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all nodes in the last level are as far left as possible. It can have between 1 and 2h nodes inclusive at the last level h.

tags: binary search

A 最直观的解法。dfs将树中每个节点都遍历并计数。时间复杂度O(N)。

    但是超时了。

B tags是binary search。每一步，我们都可以确定左或者右子树的节点数。具体他，可以判断左右节点最最左边的层数是否相同，如果相同，则左子树为满二叉树，若不同则右子树为满二叉树。满二叉树的节点数容易计算，然后再递归地求解非满二叉树的节点数。

求解本题还要注意两点：

1）用<<代替pow()，算法能快100多ms。为啥快这么多？

2）在对子树递归时，将上次计算的树的高度用参数传入，避免不必要的计算。也能快上个几十ms。

class Solution {
public:
    int countNodes(TreeNode*& root) {
        return dfs(root, 0);
    }
    int dfs(TreeNode*& root, int l){
        if(root==NULL) return 0;
        int r = 0;
        TreeNode* node = root->left;
        if(l==0){
            while(node!=NULL){
                l++;
                node = node->left;
            }
        }
        node = root->right;
        while(node!=NULL){
            r++;
            node = node->left;
        }
        if(l==r) return (1<<l)+dfs(root->right, r-1);
        else return (1<<r)+dfs(root->left, l-1);
    }
};