Java是目前最流行的编程语言之一——它可以用来编写Windows程序或者是Web应用，移动应用，网络程序，消费电子产品，机顶盒设备，它无处不在。
有超过30亿的设备是运行在Java之上的。根据Oracle的统计数据，光是使用中的Java Card就有有50亿。
超过900万程序员选择使用Java进行开发，它是最受开发人员欢迎的语言，同时也是最流行的开发平台。
本文为那些准Java程序员们准备了一系列广为流传的Java最佳编程实践：
- 优先返回空集合而非null
如果程序要返回一个不包含任何值的集合，确保返回的是空集合而不是null。这能节省大量的”if else”检查。
public class getLocationName {
return (null==cityName ? "": cityName);
} class getLocationName {
return (null==cityName ? "": cityName);
}- 谨慎操作字符串
如果两个字符串在for循环中使用+操作符进行拼接，那么每次循环都会产生一个新的字符串对象。这不仅浪费内存空间同时还会影响性能。类似的，如果初始化字符串对象，尽量不要使用构造方法，而应该直接初始化。比方说：
//Slower Instantiation
String bad = new String("Yet another string object");
//Faster Instantiation
String good = "Yet another string object"
String bad = new String("Yet another string object");
//Faster Instantiation
String good = "Yet another string object"- 避免无用对象
创建对象是Java中最昂贵的操作之一。因此最好在有需要的时候再进行对象的创建/初始化。如下：
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Employees {
private List Employees;
public List getEmployees() {
//initialize only when required
if(null == Employees) {
Employees = new ArrayList();
}
return Employees;
}
} java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Employees {
private List Employees;
public List getEmployees() {
//initialize only when required
if(null == Employees) {
Employees = new ArrayList();
}
return Employees;
}
}- 数组与ArrayList之争
开发人员经常会发现很难在数组和ArrayList间做选择。它们二者互有优劣。如何选择应该视情况而定。
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class arrayVsArrayList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] myArray = new int[6];
myArray[7]= 10; // ArraysOutOfBoundException
//Declaration of ArrayList. Add and Remove of elements is easy.
ArrayList<Integer> myArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
myArrayList.add(1);
myArrayList.add(2);
myArrayList.add(3);
myArrayList.add(4);
myArrayList.add(5);
myArrayList.remove(0);
for(int i = 0; i < myArrayList.size(); i++) {
System.out.println("Element: " + myArrayList.get(i));
}
//Multi-dimensional Array
int[][][] multiArray = new int [3][3][3];
}
} java.util.ArrayList;
public class arrayVsArrayList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] myArray = new int[6];
myArray[7]= 10; // ArraysOutOfBoundException
//Declaration of ArrayList. Add and Remove of elements is easy.
ArrayList<Integer> myArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
myArrayList.add(1);
myArrayList.add(2);
myArrayList.add(3);
myArrayList.add(4);
myArrayList.add(5);
myArrayList.remove(0);
for(int i = 0; i < myArrayList.size(); i++) {
System.out.println("Element: " + myArrayList.get(i));
}
//Multi-dimensional Array
int[][][] multiArray = new int [3][3][3];
}
}- 数组是定长的，而ArrayList是变长的。由于数组长度是固定的，因此在声明数组时就已经分配好内存了。而数组的操作则会更快一些。另一方面，如果我们不知道数据的大小，那么过多的数据便会导致ArrayOutOfBoundException，而少了又会浪费存储空间。
- ArrayList在增删元素方面要比数组简单。
- 数组可以是多维的，但ArrayList只能是一维的。
- try块的finally块没有被执行
看下下面这段代码：
public class shutDownHooksDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
try {
if(i==4) {
System.out.println("Inside Try Block.Exiting without executing Finally block.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
finally {
System.out.println("Inside Finally Block.");
}
}
}
} class shutDownHooksDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
try {
if(i==4) {
System.out.println("Inside Try Block.Exiting without executing Finally block.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
finally {
System.out.println("Inside Finally Block.");
}
}
}
}从代码来看，貌似finally块中的println语句应该会被执行5次。但当程序运行后，你会发现finally块只执行了4次。第5次迭代的时候会触发exit函数的调用，于是这第5次的finally便永远也触发不到了。原因便是——System.exit会挂起所有线程的执行，包括当前线程。即便是try语句后的finally块，只要是执行了exit，便也无力回天了。
在调用System.exit时，JVM会在关闭前执行两个结束任务：
首先，它会执行完所有通过Runtime.addShutdownHook注册进来的终止的钩子程序。这一点很关键，因为它会释放JVM外部的资源。
接下来的便是Finalizer了。可能是System.runFinalizersOnExit也可能是Runtime.runFinalizersOnExit。finalizer的使用已经被废弃有很长一段时间了。finalizer可以在存活对象上进行调用，即便是这些对象仍在被其它线程所使用。而这会导致不可预期的结果甚至是死锁。
public class shutDownHooksDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
final int final_i = i;
try {
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(
new Thread() {
public void run() {
if(final_i==4) {
System.out.println("Inside Try Block.Exiting without executing Finally block.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
});
}
finally {
System.out.println("Inside Finally Block.");
}
}
}
} class shutDownHooksDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
final int final_i = i;
try {
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(
new Thread() {
public void run() {
if(final_i==4) {
System.out.println("Inside Try Block.Exiting without executing Finally block.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
});
}
finally {
System.out.println("Inside Finally Block.");
}
}
}
}- 判断奇数
看下这几行代码，看看它们是否能用来准确地判断一个数是奇数？
public boolean oddOrNot(int num) {
return num % 2 == 1;
} boolean oddOrNot(int num) {
return num % 2 == 1;
}看似是对的，但是每执行四便会有一个错误的结果（用数据说话）。考虑到负奇数的情况，它除以2的结果就不会是1。因此，返回值是false，而这样是不对的。
代码可以修改成这样：
public boolean oddOrNot(int num) {
return (num & 1) != 0;
} boolean oddOrNot(int num) {
return (num & 1) != 0;
}这么写不光是负奇数的问题解决了，并且还是经过充分优化过的。因为算术运算和逻辑运行要比乘除运算更高效，计算的结果也会更快。
- 单引号与双引号的区别
public class Haha {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.print("H" + "a");
System.out.print('H' + 'a');
}
} class Haha {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.print("H" + "a");
System.out.print('H' + 'a');
}
}看起来这段代码会返回”Haha”,但实际返回的是Ha169。原因就是用了双引号的时候，字符会被当作字符串处理，而如果是单引号的话，字符值会通过一个叫做基础类型拓宽的操作来转换成整型值。然后再将值相加得到169。
- 一些防止内存泄露的小技巧
内存泄露会导致软件的性能降级。由于Java是自动管理内存的，因此开发人员并没有太多办法介入。不过还是有一些方法能够用来防止内存泄露的。
- 查询完数据后立即释放数据库连接
- 尽可能使用finally块
- 释放静态变量中的实例
- 避免死锁
死锁出现的原因有很多。避免死锁不是一句话就能解决的。通常来说，当某个同步对象在等待另一个同步对象所拥有的资源上的锁时，便会产生死锁。
试着运行下下面的程序。它会告诉你什么是死锁。这个死锁是由于两个线程都在等待对方所拥有的资源，因此会产生死锁。它们会一直等待，没有谁会先放手。
public class DeadlockDemo {
public static Object addLock = new Object();
public static Object subLock = new Object();
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyAdditionThread add = new MyAdditionThread();
MySubtractionThread sub = new MySubtractionThread();
add.start();
sub.start();
}
private static class MyAdditionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding First Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
private static class MySubtractionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (subLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding Second Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...");
synchronized (addLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
} class DeadlockDemo {
public static Object addLock = new Object();
public static Object subLock = new Object();
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyAdditionThread add = new MyAdditionThread();
MySubtractionThread sub = new MySubtractionThread();
add.start();
sub.start();
}
private static class MyAdditionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding First Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
private static class MySubtractionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (subLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding Second Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...");
synchronized (addLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
}输出：
Addition Thread: 13
Subtraction Thread: 7
Holding First Lock...
Holding Second Lock...
Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...
Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock... Thread: 13
Subtraction Thread: 7
Holding First Lock...
Holding Second Lock...
Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...
Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...但如果调用的顺序变一下的话，死锁的问题就解决了。
public class DeadlockSolutionDemo {
public static Object addLock = new Object();
public static Object subLock = new Object();
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyAdditionThread add = new MyAdditionThread();
MySubtractionThread sub = new MySubtractionThread();
add.start();
sub.start();
}
private static class MyAdditionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding First Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
private static class MySubtractionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding Second Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
} class DeadlockSolutionDemo {
public static Object addLock = new Object();
public static Object subLock = new Object();
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyAdditionThread add = new MyAdditionThread();
MySubtractionThread sub = new MySubtractionThread();
add.start();
sub.start();
}
private static class MyAdditionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding First Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
private static class MySubtractionThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
synchronized (addLock) {
int a = 10, b = 3;
int c = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: " + c);
System.out.println("Holding Second Lock...");
try { Thread.sleep(10); }
catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...");
synchronized (subLock) {
System.out.println("Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...");
}
}
}
}
}输出：
Addition Thread: 13
Holding First Lock...
Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...
Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...
Subtraction Thread: 7
Holding Second Lock...
Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...
Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks... Thread: 13
Holding First Lock...
Addition Thread: Waiting for AddLock...
Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...
Subtraction Thread: 7
Holding Second Lock...
Subtraction Thread: Waiting for SubLock...
Threads: Holding Add and Sub Locks...- 替Java省点内存
某些Java程序是CPU密集型的，但它们会需要大量的内存。这类程序通常运行得很缓慢，因为它们对内存的需求很大。为了能提升这类应用的性能，可得给它们多留点内存。因此，假设我们有一台拥有10G内存的Tomcat服务器。在这台机器上，我们可以用如下的这条命令来分配内存:
export JAVA_OPTS="$JAVA_OPTS -Xms5000m -Xmx6000m -XX:PermSize=1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=2048m" JAVA_OPTS="$JAVA_OPTS -Xms5000m -Xmx6000m -XX:PermSize=1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=2048m"- Xms = 最小内存分配
- Xmx = 最大内存分配
- XX:PermSize = JVM启动时的初始大小
- XX:MaxPermSize = JVM启动后可分配的最大空间
- 如何计算Java中操作的耗时
在Java中进行操作计时有两个标准的方法：System.currentTimeMillis()和System.nanoTime()。问题就在于，什么情况下该用哪个。从本质上来讲，他们的作用都是一样的，但有以下几点不同：
- System.currentTimeMillis()的精度在千分之一秒到千分之15秒之间（取决于系统）而System.nanoTime()则能到纳秒级。
- System.currentTimeMillis读操作耗时在数个CPU时钟左右。而System.nanoTime()则需要上百个。
- System.currentTimeMillis对应的是绝对时间（1970年1 月1日所经历的毫秒数），而System.nanoTime()则不与任何时间点相关。
- Float还是double
| 数据类型 | 所用字节 | 有效位数 |
| float | 4 | 7 |
| double | 8 | 15 |
在对精度要求高的场景下，double类型相对float要更流行一些，理由如下：
大多数处理器在处理float和double上所需的时间都是差不多的。而计算时间一样的前提下，double类型却能提供更高的精度。
- 幂运算
Java是通过异或操作来进行幂运算的。Java对于幂运算有两种处理方式：
- 乘积：
double square = double a * double a; // Optimized
double cube = double a * double a * double a; // Non-optimized
double cube = double a * double square; // Optimized
double quad = double a * double a * double a * double a; // Non-optimized
double quad = double square * double square; // Optimized square = double a * double a; // Optimized
double cube = double a * double a * double a; // Non-optimized
double cube = double a * double square; // Optimized
double quad = double a * double a * double a * double a; // Non-optimized
double quad = double square * double square; // Optimized- pow方法：在无法使用乘积的情况下可以使用pow方法。
double cube = Math.pow(base, exponent); cube = Math.pow(base, exponent);不到万不得已不要使用Math.pow。比方说，当指数是小数的时候。因为Math.pow要比乘积慢300-600倍左右。
- 如何处理空指针异常
空指针异常是Java中很常见的异常。当你尝试调用一个null对象上的方法时便会抛出这个异常。比如：
int noOfStudents = school.listStudents().count; noOfStudents = school.listStudents().count;在上述例子中，school为空或者listStudents()为空都可能会抛出了NullPointerException。因此最好检查下对象是否为空以避免类似情况。
private int getListOfStudents(File[] files) {
if (files == null)
throw new NullPointerException("File list cannot be null");
} int getListOfStudents(File[] files) {
if (files == null)
throw new NullPointerException("File list cannot be null");
}- JSON编码
JSON是数据存储及传输的一种协议。与XML相比，它更易于使用。由于它非常轻量级以及自身的一些特性，现在JSON在网络上已经是越来越流行了。常见的数据结构都可以编码成JSON然后在各个网页间自由地传输。不过在开始编码前，你得先安装一个JSON解析器。在下面的例子中，我们将使用json.simple库来完成这项工作 (https://code.google.com/p/json-simple/)。
下面是编码成JSON串的一个简单的例子。
import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
public class JsonEncodeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JSONObject obj = new JSONObject();
obj.put("Novel Name", "Godaan");
obj.put("Author", "Munshi Premchand");
JSONArray novelDetails = new JSONArray();
novelDetails.add("Language: Hindi");
novelDetails.add("Year of Publication: 1936");
novelDetails.add("Publisher: Lokmanya Press");
obj.put("Novel Details", novelDetails);
System.out.print(obj);
}
} org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
public class JsonEncodeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JSONObject obj = new JSONObject();
obj.put("Novel Name", "Godaan");
obj.put("Author", "Munshi Premchand");
JSONArray novelDetails = new JSONArray();
novelDetails.add("Language: Hindi");
novelDetails.add("Year of Publication: 1936");
novelDetails.add("Publisher: Lokmanya Press");
obj.put("Novel Details", novelDetails);
System.out.print(obj);
}
}输出：
{"Novel Name":"Godaan","Novel Details":["Language: Hindi","Year of Publication: 1936","Publisher: Lokmanya Press"],"Author":"Munshi Premchand"}"Novel Name":"Godaan","Novel Details":["Language: Hindi","Year of Publication: 1936","Publisher: Lokmanya Press"],"Author":"Munshi Premchand"}- JSON解析
开发人员要想解析JSON串，首先你得知道它的格式。下面例子有助于你来理解这一点：
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;
import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
public class JsonParseTest {
private static final String filePath = "//home//user//Documents//jsonDemoFile.json";
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// read the json file
FileReader reader = new FileReader(filePath);
JSONParser jsonParser = new JSONParser();
JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject)jsonParser.parse(reader);
// get a number from the JSON object
Long id = (Long) jsonObject.get("id");
System.out.println("The id is: " + id);
// get a String from the JSON object
String type = (String) jsonObject.get("type");
System.out.println("The type is: " + type);
// get a String from the JSON object
String name = (String) jsonObject.get("name");
System.out.println("The name is: " + name);
// get a number from the JSON object
Double ppu = (Double) jsonObject.get("ppu");
System.out.println("The PPU is: " + ppu);
// get an array from the JSON object
System.out.println("Batters:");
JSONArray batterArray= (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("batters");
Iterator i = batterArray.iterator();
// take each value from the json array separately
while (i.hasNext()) {
JSONObject innerObj = (JSONObject) i.next();
System.out.println("ID "+ innerObj.get("id") +
" type " + innerObj.get("type"));
}
// get an array from the JSON object
System.out.println("Topping:");
JSONArray toppingArray= (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("topping");
Iterator j = toppingArray.iterator();
// take each value from the json array separately
while (j.hasNext()) {
JSONObject innerObj = (JSONObject) j.next();
System.out.println("ID "+ innerObj.get("id") +
" type " + innerObj.get("type"));
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (ParseException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (NullPointerException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
} java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;
import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
public class JsonParseTest {
private static final String filePath = "//home//user//Documents//jsonDemoFile.json";
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// read the json file
FileReader reader = new FileReader(filePath);
JSONParser jsonParser = new JSONParser();
JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject)jsonParser.parse(reader);
// get a number from the JSON object
Long id = (Long) jsonObject.get("id");
System.out.println("The id is: " + id);
// get a String from the JSON object
String type = (String) jsonObject.get("type");
System.out.println("The type is: " + type);
// get a String from the JSON object
String name = (String) jsonObject.get("name");
System.out.println("The name is: " + name);
// get a number from the JSON object
Double ppu = (Double) jsonObject.get("ppu");
System.out.println("The PPU is: " + ppu);
// get an array from the JSON object
System.out.println("Batters:");
JSONArray batterArray= (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("batters");
Iterator i = batterArray.iterator();
// take each value from the json array separately
while (i.hasNext()) {
JSONObject innerObj = (JSONObject) i.next();
System.out.println("ID "+ innerObj.get("id") +
" type " + innerObj.get("type"));
}
// get an array from the JSON object
System.out.println("Topping:");
JSONArray toppingArray= (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("topping");
Iterator j = toppingArray.iterator();
// take each value from the json array separately
while (j.hasNext()) {
JSONObject innerObj = (JSONObject) j.next();
System.out.println("ID "+ innerObj.get("id") +
" type " + innerObj.get("type"));
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (ParseException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (NullPointerException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}jsonDemoFile.json
{
"id": 0001,
"type": "donut",
"name": "Cake",
"ppu": 0.55,
"batters":
[
{ "id": 1001, "type": "Regular" },
{ "id": 1002, "type": "Chocolate" },
{ "id": 1003, "type": "Blueberry" },
{ "id": 1004, "type": "Devil's Food" }
],
"topping":
[
{ "id": 5001, "type": "None" },
{ "id": 5002, "type": "Glazed" },
{ "id": 5005, "type": "Sugar" },
{ "id": 5007, "type": "Powdered Sugar" },
{ "id": 5006, "type": "Chocolate with Sprinkles" },
{ "id": 5003, "type": "Chocolate" },
{ "id": 5004, "type": "Maple" }
]
}
"id": 0001,
"type": "donut",
"name": "Cake",
"ppu": 0.55,
"batters":
[
{ "id": 1001, "type": "Regular" },
{ "id": 1002, "type": "Chocolate" },
{ "id": 1003, "type": "Blueberry" },
{ "id": 1004, "type": "Devil's Food" }
],
"topping":
[
{ "id": 5001, "type": "None" },
{ "id": 5002, "type": "Glazed" },
{ "id": 5005, "type": "Sugar" },
{ "id": 5007, "type": "Powdered Sugar" },
{ "id": 5006, "type": "Chocolate with Sprinkles" },
{ "id": 5003, "type": "Chocolate" },
{ "id": 5004, "type": "Maple" }
]
}The id is: 1
The type is: donut
The name is: Cake
The PPU is: 0.55
Batters:
ID 1001 type Regular
ID 1002 type Chocolate
ID 1003 type Blueberry
ID 1004 type Devil's Food
Topping:
ID 5001 type None
ID 5002 type Glazed
ID 5005 type Sugar
ID 5007 type Powdered Sugar
ID 5006 type Chocolate with Sprinkles
ID 5003 type Chocolate
ID 5004 type Maple id is: 1
The type is: donut
The name is: Cake
The PPU is: 0.55
Batters:
ID 1001 type Regular
ID 1002 type Chocolate
ID 1003 type Blueberry
ID 1004 type Devil's Food
Topping:
ID 5001 type None
ID 5002 type Glazed
ID 5005 type Sugar
ID 5007 type Powdered Sugar
ID 5006 type Chocolate with Sprinkles
ID 5003 type Chocolate
ID 5004 type Maple- 简单字符串查找
Java提供了一个库函数叫做indexOf()。这个方法可以用在String对象上，它返回的是要查找的字符串所在的位置序号。如果查找不到则会返回-1。
- 列出目录下的文件
你可以用下面的代码来列出目录下的文件。这个程序会遍历某个目录下的所有子目录及文件，并存储到一个数组里，然后通过遍历数组来列出所有文件。
import java.io.*;
public class ListContents {
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file = new File("//home//user//Documents/");
String[] files = file.list();
System.out.println("Listing contents of " + file.getPath());
for(int i=0 ; i < files.length ; i++)
{
System.out.println(files[i]);
}
}
} java.io.*;
public class ListContents {
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file = new File("//home//user//Documents/");
String[] files = file.list();
System.out.println("Listing contents of " + file.getPath());
for(int i=0 ; i < files.length ; i++)
{
System.out.println(files[i]);
}
}
}- 一个简单的IO程序
Java提供了FileInputStream以及FileOutputStream类来进行文件的读写操作。FileInputStream的构造方法会接收输入文件的路径作为入参然后创建出一个文件的输入流。同样的，FileOutputStream的构造方法也会接收一个文件路径作为入参然后创建出文件的输出流。在处理完文件之后，一个很重要的操作就是要记得”close”掉这些流。
import java.io.*;
public class myIODemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
in = new FileInputStream("//home//user//Documents//InputFile.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("//home//user//Documents//OutputFile.txt");
int c;
while((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
} finally {
if(in != null) {
in.close();
}
if(out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
}
} java.io.*;
public class myIODemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
in = new FileInputStream("//home//user//Documents//InputFile.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("//home//user//Documents//OutputFile.txt");
int c;
while((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
} finally {
if(in != null) {
in.close();
}
if(out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
}
}- 在Java中执行某个shell命令
Java提供了Runtime类来执行shell命令。由于这些是外部的命令，因此异常处理就显得异常重要。在下面的例子中，我们将通过一个简单的例子来演示一下。我们会在shell命令行中打开一个pdf文件。
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class ShellCommandExec {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String gnomeOpenCommand = "gnome-open //home//user//Documents//MyDoc.pdf";
try {
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process processObj = rt.exec(gnomeOpenCommand);
InputStream stdin = processObj.getErrorStream();
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(stdin);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String myoutput = "";
while ((myoutput=br.readLine()) != null) {
myoutput = myoutput+"\n";
}
System.out.println(myoutput);
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
} java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class ShellCommandExec {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String gnomeOpenCommand = "gnome-open //home//user//Documents//MyDoc.pdf";
try {
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process processObj = rt.exec(gnomeOpenCommand);
InputStream stdin = processObj.getErrorStream();
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(stdin);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String myoutput = "";
while ((myoutput=br.readLine()) != null) {
myoutput = myoutput+"\n";
}
System.out.println(myoutput);
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}- 使用正则
正则表达式的结构摘录如下（来源: Oracle官网）
字符
| x | 字符x |
| \ | 反斜杠 |
| \0n | 8进制值为0n的字符(0<=n<=7) |
| \0nn | |
| \0mnn | 8进制值为0mnn的字符(0 <= m <= 3, 0<=n<=7) |
| \xhh | 16进制值为0xhh的字符 |
| \uhhhh | 16进制值为0xhhhh的字符 |
| \x{h…h} | 16进制值为0xh…h的字符(Character.MINCODEPOINT <= 0xh…h <= Character.MAXCODEPOINT) |
| \t | 制表符(‘\u0009′) |
| \n | 换行符(‘\u000A’) |
| \r | 回车(‘\u000D’) |
| \f | 分页符(‘\u000C’) |
| \a | 警告符(‘\u0007′) |
| \e | ESC(‘\u001B’) |
| \cx | ctrl+x |
字符分类
| [abc] | a, b或c |
| [^abc] | abc以外的任意字符 |
| [a-zA-Z] | a到z以及A到Z |
| [a-d[m-p]] | a到d或者m到p[a-dm-p]则是取并集 |
| [a-z&&[def]] | d,e或f(交集) |
| [ad-z] | |
| [a-z&&[^bc]] | a到z但不包括b和c |
| [a-z&&[^m-p]] | a到z但不包括mp:也就是[a-lq-z] |
预定义字符
| . | 任意字符，有可能包括换行符 |
| \d | 0到9的数字 |
| \D | 0到9以外的字符 |
| \s | 空格符[ \t\n\x0B\f\r] |
| \S | 非空格符[^\s] |
| \w | 字母[a-zA-Z_0-9] |
| \W | 非字母[^\w] |
边界匹配
| ^ | 行首 |
| $ | 行末 |
| \b | 单词边界 |
| \A | 输入的起始位置 |
| \G | 前一个匹配的末尾 |
| \Z | 输入的结束位置，仅用于最后的结束符 |
| \z | 输入的结束位置 |
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class RegexMatches
{
private static String pattern = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@[A-Za-z0-9]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";
private static Pattern mypattern = Pattern.compile(pattern);
public static void main( String args[] ){
String valEmail1 = "testemail@domain.com";
String invalEmail1 = "....@domain.com";
String invalEmail2 = ".$$%%@domain.com";
String valEmail2 = "test.email@domain.com";
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(valEmail1));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(invalEmail1));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(invalEmail2));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(valEmail2));
}
public static boolean validateEMailID(String emailID) {
Matcher mtch = mypattern.matcher(emailID);
if(mtch.matches()){
return true;
}
return false;
}
} java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class RegexMatches
{
private static String pattern = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@[A-Za-z0-9]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";
private static Pattern mypattern = Pattern.compile(pattern);
public static void main( String args[] ){
String valEmail1 = "testemail@domain.com";
String invalEmail1 = "....@domain.com";
String invalEmail2 = ".$$%%@domain.com";
String valEmail2 = "test.email@domain.com";
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(valEmail1));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(invalEmail1));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(invalEmail2));
System.out.println("Is Email ID1 valid? "+validateEMailID(valEmail2));
}
public static boolean validateEMailID(String emailID) {
Matcher mtch = mypattern.matcher(emailID);
if(mtch.matches()){
return true;
}
return false;
}
}- Java Swing的简单示例
有了Java的swing，你便可以编写GUI应用了。Java所提供的javax包中就包含了swing。使用swing来编写GUI程序首先需要继承下JFrame。然后在里面添加Box，然后便可以往里面添加诸如按钮，多选按钮，文本框等控件了。这些Box是放在Container的最外层的。
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SwingsDemo extends JFrame
{
public SwingsDemo()
{
String path = "//home//user//Documents//images";
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Box myHorizontalBox = Box. createHorizontalBox();
Box myVerticleBox = Box. createVerticalBox();
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 1"));
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 2"));
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 3"));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image1.jpg")));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image2.jpg")));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image3.jpg")));
contentPane.add(myHorizontalBox);
contentPane.add(myVerticleBox);
pack();
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
new SwingsDemo();
}
} java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SwingsDemo extends JFrame
{
public SwingsDemo()
{
String path = "//home//user//Documents//images";
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Box myHorizontalBox = Box. createHorizontalBox();
Box myVerticleBox = Box. createVerticalBox();
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 1"));
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 2"));
myHorizontalBox.add(new JButton("My Button 3"));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image1.jpg")));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image2.jpg")));
myVerticleBox.add(new JButton(new ImageIcon(path + "//Image3.jpg")));
contentPane.add(myHorizontalBox);
contentPane.add(myVerticleBox);
pack();
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
new SwingsDemo();
}
}- 使用Java播放音频
在Java中，播放音频是一个很常见的需求，尤其是在游戏开发里面。
下面这个DEMO演示了如何在Java中播放音频。
import java.io.*;
import java.net.URL;
import javax.sound.sampled.*;
import javax.swing.*;
// To play sound using Clip, the process need to be alive.
// Hence, we use a Swing application.
public class playSoundDemo extends JFrame {
// Constructor
public playSoundDemo() {
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
this.setTitle("Play Sound Demo");
this.setSize(300, 200);
this.setVisible(true);
try {
URL url = this.getClass().getResource("MyAudio.wav");
AudioInputStream audioIn = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(url);
Clip clip = AudioSystem.getClip();
clip.open(audioIn);
clip.start();
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (LineUnavailableException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new playSoundDemo();
}
} java.io.*;
import java.net.URL;
import javax.sound.sampled.*;
import javax.swing.*;
// To play sound using Clip, the process need to be alive.
// Hence, we use a Swing application.
public class playSoundDemo extends JFrame {
// Constructor
public playSoundDemo() {
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
this.setTitle("Play Sound Demo");
this.setSize(300, 200);
this.setVisible(true);
try {
URL url = this.getClass().getResource("MyAudio.wav");
AudioInputStream audioIn = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(url);
Clip clip = AudioSystem.getClip();
clip.open(audioIn);
clip.start();
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (LineUnavailableException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new playSoundDemo();
}
}- 导出PDF文件
将表格导出成pdf也是一个比较常见的需求。通过itextpdf，导出pdf也不是什么难事。
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import com.itextpdf.text.Document;
import com.itextpdf.text.Paragraph;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfPCell;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfPTable;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfWriter;
public class DrawPdf {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Document document = new Document();
PdfWriter.getInstance(document, new FileOutputStream("Employee.pdf"));
document.open();
Paragraph para = new Paragraph("Employee Table");
para.setSpacingAfter(20);
document.add(para);
PdfPTable table = new PdfPTable(3);
PdfPCell cell = new PdfPCell(new Paragraph("First Name"));
table.addCell(cell);
table.addCell("Last Name");
table.addCell("Gender");
table.addCell("Ram");
table.addCell("Kumar");
table.addCell("Male");
table.addCell("Lakshmi");
table.addCell("Devi");
table.addCell("Female");
document.add(table);
document.close();
}
} java.io.FileOutputStream;
import com.itextpdf.text.Document;
import com.itextpdf.text.Paragraph;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfPCell;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfPTable;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfWriter;
public class DrawPdf {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Document document = new Document();
PdfWriter.getInstance(document, new FileOutputStream("Employee.pdf"));
document.open();
Paragraph para = new Paragraph("Employee Table");
para.setSpacingAfter(20);
document.add(para);
PdfPTable table = new PdfPTable(3);
PdfPCell cell = new PdfPCell(new Paragraph("First Name"));
table.addCell(cell);
table.addCell("Last Name");
table.addCell("Gender");
table.addCell("Ram");
table.addCell("Kumar");
table.addCell("Male");
table.addCell("Lakshmi");
table.addCell("Devi");
table.addCell("Female");
document.add(table);
document.close();
}
}- 邮件发送
在Java中发送邮件也很简单。你只需装一下Java Mail这个jar包，放到你的类路径里即可。在下面的代码中，我们设置了几个基础属性，然后便可以发送邮件了：
import java.util.*;
import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;
public class SendEmail
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
String to = "recipient@gmail.com";
String from = "sender@gmail.com";
String host = "localhost";
Properties properties = System.getProperties();
properties.setProperty("mail.smtp.host", host);
Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(properties);
try{
MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);
message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from));
message.addRecipient(Message.RecipientType.TO,new InternetAddress(to));
message.setSubject("My Email Subject");
message.setText("My Message Body");
Transport.send(message);
System.out.println("Sent successfully!");
}
catch (MessagingException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
} java.util.*;
import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;
public class SendEmail
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
String to = "recipient@gmail.com";
String from = "sender@gmail.com";
String host = "localhost";
Properties properties = System.getProperties();
properties.setProperty("mail.smtp.host", host);
Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(properties);
try{
MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);
message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from));
message.addRecipient(Message.RecipientType.TO,new InternetAddress(to));
message.setSubject("My Email Subject");
message.setText("My Message Body");
Transport.send(message);
System.out.println("Sent successfully!");
}
catch (MessagingException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}- 计算时间
许多程序都需要精确的时间计量。Java提供了一个System的静态方法来支持这一功能：
currentTimeMillis()：返回当前时间自新纪元时间以来的毫秒值，long类型。
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;nanoTime()：返回系统计时器当前的精确时间，纳秒值，这也是long类型。nanoTime()主要是用于计算相对时间而非绝对时间。
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime; startTime = System.nanoTime();
long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;- 图片缩放
图片缩放可以通过AffineTransform来完成。首先要生成一个输入图片的图片缓冲，然后通过它来渲染出缩放后的图片。
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.File;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
public class RescaleImage {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
BufferedImage imgSource = ImageIO.read(new File("images//Image3.jpg"));
BufferedImage imgDestination = new BufferedImage(100, 100, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = imgDestination.createGraphics();
AffineTransform affinetransformation = AffineTransform.getScaleInstance(2, 2);
g.drawRenderedImage(imgSource, affinetransformation);
ImageIO.write(imgDestination, "JPG", new File("outImage.jpg"));
}
} java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.File;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
public class RescaleImage {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
BufferedImage imgSource = ImageIO.read(new File("images//Image3.jpg"));
BufferedImage imgDestination = new BufferedImage(100, 100, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = imgDestination.createGraphics();
AffineTransform affinetransformation = AffineTransform.getScaleInstance(2, 2);
g.drawRenderedImage(imgSource, affinetransformation);
ImageIO.write(imgDestination, "JPG", new File("outImage.jpg"));
}
}- 捕获鼠标动作
实现了MouseMotionListner接口后，便可以捕获鼠标事件了。 当鼠标进入到某个特定区域时便会触发MouseMoved事件，你便能捕获到这个移动的动作了。通过一个例子来看下：
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class MouseCaptureDemo extends JFrame implements MouseMotionListener
{
public JLabel mouseHoverStatus;
public static void main(String args[])
{
new MouseCaptureDemo();
}
MouseCaptureDemo()
{
setSize(500, 500);
setTitle("Frame displaying Coordinates of Mouse Motion");
mouseHoverStatus = new JLabel("No Mouse Hover Detected.", JLabel.CENTER);
add(mouseHoverStatus);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
setVisible(true);
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e)
{
mouseHoverStatus.setText("Mouse Cursor Coordinates => X:"+e.getX()+" | Y:"+e.getY());
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
{}
} java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class MouseCaptureDemo extends JFrame implements MouseMotionListener
{
public JLabel mouseHoverStatus;
public static void main(String args[])
{
new MouseCaptureDemo();
}
MouseCaptureDemo()
{
setSize(500, 500);
setTitle("Frame displaying Coordinates of Mouse Motion");
mouseHoverStatus = new JLabel("No Mouse Hover Detected.", JLabel.CENTER);
add(mouseHoverStatus);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
setVisible(true);
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e)
{
mouseHoverStatus.setText("Mouse Cursor Coordinates => X:"+e.getX()+" | Y:"+e.getY());
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
{}
}- FileOutputStream Vs. FileWriter
在Java中有两种写文件的方式：FileOutputStream与FileWriter。开发人员经常会在它们之间犹豫不决。下面这个例子能帮忙你更好地理解在不同的场景下应该选择何种方案。首先我们来看一下实现：
使用FileOutputStream：
File foutput = new File(file_location_string);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(foutput);
BufferedWriter output = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(fos));
output.write("Buffered Content"); foutput = new File(file_location_string);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(foutput);
BufferedWriter output = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(fos));
output.write("Buffered Content");使用FileWriter：
FileWriter fstream = new FileWriter(file_location_string);
BufferedWriter output = new BufferedWriter(fstream);
output.write("Buffered Content"); fstream = new FileWriter(file_location_string);
BufferedWriter output = new BufferedWriter(fstream);
output.write("Buffered Content");根据Java的接口规范：
FileOutputStream是用于写入原始字节流比如图片流数据。如果是要写入字符流，则应该考虑使用FileWriter。
这样就很清楚了，写图片应该使用FileOutputStream而写文本则应该选择FileWriter。
附加建议
- 集合的使用
Java提供了许多集合类——比如，Vector，Stack，Hashtable等。所以鼓励开发人员尽可能地使用这些集合类有如下原因：
- 使用集合使得代码的可重用度更高。
- 集合类使得代码的结构更良好，更易于理解与维护。
- 最重要的是这些集合类都经过充分的测试，代码质量很高。
- 1-50-500规则
在大型软件系统中，代码的可维护性是件很有挑战的工作。新加入的开发人员经常会抱怨这些情况：单片代码（Monolithic Code）,意大利面式代码（spaghetti code, 常用于描述捆绑在一起并且低内聚的类和方法）。保持代码的整洁与可维护有一条很简单的规则：
- 10：包内的类不超过10个
- 50：方法的代码行数不超过50
- 500：类的代码行数不超过500
- SOLID设计准则
- SOLID是Robert Martin提出的一套设计准则的简称。根据他的准则：
一个类应当有仅只有一个任务/职责。执行多个任务的类会让人觉得困惑。
| 单一职责原则 | |
| 开闭原则 | 开发人员应当优先考虑扩展现有的软件功能，而不是是修改它。 |
| 里氏替换原则 | 子类必须能够替换掉他们的父类型 |
| 接口隔离原则 | 和单一职责原则类似，但它特指的是接口层。每个接口都应当只负责一项任务。 |
| 依赖反转原则 | 依赖抽象而不是具体实现。也就是说每个模块都应当通过一个抽象层与其它模块进行解耦。 |
- 设计模式的使用
设计模式能帮助开发人员更好地在软件中应用软件的设计准则。它还为开发人员提供了跨语言的通用平台。设计模式中的标准术语能让开发人员更容易进行沟通。
- 关于文档
不要上来就开始写代码。制定计划，准备，编写文档，检查然后再去实现。首先，先把需求记下来。然后去准备设计文档。合理地去假设举证。互相review方案然后进行确认。
- 使用equals而非==
==是用来比较对象引用的，它会检查两个操作数指向的是不是同一个对象（不是相同的对象，而是同一个对象）。而”equals”则比较的是两个字符串是不是相同（假设是字符串对象）。
- 避免使用浮点数
只有当确实有必要的时候才使用浮点数。比方说，使用浮点数来表示卢比或者派萨就很容易产生问题——这种情况应当使用BigDecimal。而浮点数更多地是用于测量。
转自：http://codecloud.net/java-problem-6283.html
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