Erlang学习笔记

• 整形

10
-234
16#AB10F
2#110111010
$A

• 浮点型

17.368
-56.654 
12.34E-10.
16#DF
$A
B#Val B用来表示数制，即B进制的Val
$Char 用来表示ascii码

• 原子

abcef
start_with_a_lower_case_letter
'Blanks can be quoted'
'Anything inside quotes \n\012'

• 元组

{123, bcd}
{123, def, abc}
{person, 'Joe', 'Armstrong'}
{abc, {def, 123}, jkl}
{}

• 列表

[123, xyz]
[123, def, abc]
[{person, 'Joe', 'Armstrong'},
	{person, 'Robert', 'Virding'},
	{person, 'Mike', 'Williams'}
]
"abcdefghi"
becomes - [97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]
""
becomes - []

• 变量（首字母大写）

Abc
A_long_variable_name
AnObjectOrientatedVariableName

• 复合形式

[{{person,'Joe', 'Armstrong'},
	{telephoneNumber, [3,5,9,7]},
	{shoeSize, 42},
	{pets, [{cat, tubby},{cat, tiger}]},
	{children,[{thomas, 5},{claire,1}]}},
 {{person,'Mike','Williams'},
	{shoeSize,41},
	{likes,[boats, beer]},
	...
]

• 模式匹配（"_"为占位参数）

A = 10
	Succeeds - binds A to 10


{B, C, D} = {10, foo, bar}
	Succeeds - binds B to 10, C to foo and D 
	to bar


{A, A, B} = {abc, abc, foo}
	Succeeds - binds A to abc, B to foo

{A, A, B} = {abc, def, 123}
	Fails

[A,B,C] = [1,2,3] 
	Succeeds - binds A to 1, B to 2, C to 3

[A,B,C,D] = [1,2,3]
	Fails

[A,B|C] = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
	Succeeds - binds A = 1, B = 2,
	C = [3,4,5,6,7]

[H|T] = [1,2,3,4]
	Succeeds - binds H = 1, T = [2,3,4]

[H|T] = [abc]
	Succeeds - binds H = abc, T = []

[H|T] = []
	Fails

{A,_, [B|_],{B}} = {abc,23,[22,x],{22}}
	Succeeds - binds A = abc, B = 22

• 函数调用

module:func(Arg1, Arg2, ... Argn)
func(Arg1, Arg2, .. Argn)

• 模块

-module(demo).
-export([double/1]).

double(X) ->
	times(X, 2).

times(X, N) ->
	X * N.

• 运行环境（c(File)为加载File模块）

unix> erl
Eshell V2.0
1> c(demo).
double/1 times/2 module_info/0
compilation_succeeded
2> demo:double(25).
50
3> demo:times(4,3).
** undefined function:demo:times[4,3] **
** exited: {undef,{demo,times,[4,3]}} **
4> 10 + 25.
35
5> 

• 内建函数

date()
time()
length([1,2,3,4,5])
size({a,b,c})
atom_to_list(an_atom)
list_to_tuple([1,2,3,4])
integer_to_list(2234)
tuple_to_list({})

• 函数

func(Pattern1, Pattern2, ...) ->
		... ;
func(Pattern1, Pattern2, ...) ->
	... ;
	...
func(Pattern1, Pattern2, ...) ->
	... .

• Functions (cont)

-module(mathStuff).
-export([factorial/1, area/1]).

factorial(0) -> 1;
factorial(N) -> N * factorial(N-1).

area({square, Side}) ->
	Side * Side;
area({circle, Radius}) ->
	% almost :-)
	3 * Radius * Radius;
area({triangle, A, B, C}) ->
	S = (A + B + C)/2,
	math:sqrt(S*(S-A)*(S-B)*(S-C));
area(Other) ->
	{invalid_object, Other}.

• 类型检测

number(X)	   - X is a number
integer(X)	   - X is an integer
float(X)	   - X is a float
atom(X)		   - X is an atom
tuple(X)	   - X is a tuple
list(X)		   - X is a list

length(X) == 3 - X is a list of length 3
size(X) == 2   - X is a tuple of size 2.

X > Y + Z      - X is > Y + Z
X == Y         - X is equal to Y
X =:= Y        - X is exactly equal to Y (i.e. 1 == 1.0 succeeds but 1 =:= 1.0 fails)

• 列表操作

average(X) -> sum(X) / len(X).

sum([H|T]) -> H + sum(T);
sum([]) -> 0.

len([_|T]) -> 1 + len(T);
len([]) -> 0.

double([H|T]) -> [2*H|double(T)];
double([]) -> [].

member(H, [H|_]) -> true;
member(H, [_|T]) -> member(H, T);
member(_, []) -> false.

• 环境命令

h()    - 历史命令

b()    - 变量.

f()    - 清空变量

f(Var) - 清除变量

e(n)   - 命令重复

e(-1)  -重复最近一条命令