Mysql表的约束设计和关联关系设计

Mysql表的约束设计和关联关系设计

======================表的完整性======================

  (1)实体完整性：每条记录有一个唯一标识符，通常用无任何业务含义的字段表示(主键)

  (2)参照完整性：一张表的某个字段必须引用另一张表的某个字段值(外键)

  (3)域完整性：域即单元数据，域中的数值必须符合一定的规则

定义主键约束

  primary key:不允许为空，不允许重复

删除主键：alter table tablename drop primary key ;

 

定义主键自动增长(id,没有业务含义)

    auto_increment(MySQL特有/UUID类生成)

定义唯一约束

  unique

定义非空约束

  not null

定义外键约束

constraint ordersid_FKforeign key(ordersid) references orders(id),

2 键的概念

  (1)主键：只有唯一字段

  (2)组合主键：由多个字段组合起来，形成唯一字段

  (3)外键：针对多张表之间的关联

 

3 主键的特点

  (1)主键不能重复

  (2)主键不能为NULL

  (3)auto_increment是MySQL特有的，默认从1开始，该ID值与表同生亡

  (4)多人项目中，通常使用UUID来生成唯一的主键值，便于多个合并数据时依然保持实体完整性

--id主键

mysql> create table teacher(id intprimary key,

   -> name varchar(20),

   -> brithday date);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.61 sec)

 

mysql> select * from teacher;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> insert into teachervalues(1,'jack','1992-2-12');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)

 

mysql> select * from teacher;

+----+------+------------+

| id | name | brithday   |

+----+------+------------+

|  1| jack | 1992-02-12 |

+----+------+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> desc teacher;

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field   | Type        | Null | Key |Default | Extra |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id      | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |      |

| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL   |       |

| brithday | date        | YES |     | NULL    |      |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--主键不能重复,主键冲突,1代表第一列，即id列

mysql> insert into teachervalues(1,'marry','1996-2-12');

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' forkey 'PRIMARY'

mysql>

--主键不能为null

mysql> insert into teachervalues(null,'marry','1996-2-12');

ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot benull

-- 删除主键，主键在表只有一个，要么是一列，要么是多列

mysql> alter table teacher drop primarykey;

Query OK, 1 row affected (2.13 sec)

Records: 1 Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

 

mysql> desc teacher;

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field   | Type        | Null | Key |Default | Extra |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id      | int(11)     | NO   |    | NULL    |       |

| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL   |       |

| brithday | date        | YES |     | NULL    |      |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

--主键id自动增长

mysql> drop table if exists teacher;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)

mysql> create table teacher(id intprimary key auto_increment,

   -> name varchar(20),

   -> birthday date);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.96 sec)

mysql> desc teacher;

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field   | Type        | Null | Key |Default | Extra          |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id      | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |

| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL   |                |

| birthday | date        | YES |     | NULL    |                |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into teacher(name,birthday)values('jack','1992-02-12');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values('marry','1992-4-8');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values('arry','1982-4-8');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)

 

mysql> select * from teacher;

+----+-------+------------+

| id | name | birthday   |

+----+-------+------------+

|  1| jack  | 1992-02-12|

|  2| marry | 1992-04-08 |

|  3| arry  | 1982-04-08|

+----+-------+------------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--检查主键id增长的序列

mysql> delete from teacher whereid<=3;

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.08 sec)

 

mysql> select * from teacher;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values('jack','1992-02-12');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)

 

mysql> select * from teacher;

+----+------+------------+

| id | name | birthday   |

+----+------+------------+

|  4| jack | 1992-02-12 |

+----+------+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

--多人项目中，通常使用UUID来生成唯一的主键值，便于多个合并数据时依然保持实体完整性

 

4 唯一约束的特点

  (1)非NULL值不能重复

  (2)可以插入多个NULL值

  (3)'NULL'空串和NULL是不同的概念

mysql> drop table teacher;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)

--唯一

mysql> create table teacher(id intprimary key auto_increment,

   -> name varchar(20) unique,

   -> birthday date);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.49 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values('marry','2011-2-2');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values(NULL,'2011-1-1');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

 

mysql> desc teacher;

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field   | Type        | Null | Key |Default | Extra          |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id      | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |

| name    | varchar(20) | YES  | UNI | NULL   |                |

| birthday | date        | YES |     | NULL    |                |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--违反唯一

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values('marry','2011-2-2');

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'marry'for key 'name'

5 非空约束特点

  (1)不能插入NULL值

  (2)主键约束=非NULL约束+唯一约束

--违返不为空约束

mysql> drop table if exists teacher;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)

 

mysql> create table teacher(

   ->    id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->    name varchar(20) not nullunique,

   ->    birthday date

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.45 sec)

 

mysql> insert intoteacher(name,birthday) values(NULL,'2011-1-1');

ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot benull

6 外健特点

  (1)外键值必须来源于所引用别一个表主键值，或NULL

  

*7 关联关系

  (1)一对一(外健根业务有关) 

  (2)一对多或多对一(外键放置在多方)

  (3)多对多(外健放置在关联表中，即将一个多对多拆分成二个一对多关系)

一对一关系一:

mysql> create table person(

   ->  id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.16 sec)

mysql> insert into person(name)values('jack');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)

 

mysql> insert into person(name)values('marry');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

--card中pid为外person的外键

mysql> create table card(

    -> id int primary key auto_increment,

   ->  location varchar(20) notnull,

   ->  pid int,

   ->  constraint pid_FK foreignkey(pid) references person(id)

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.55 sec)

mysql> insert into card(location,pid)values('BJ',1);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)

 

mysql> insert into card(location,pid)values('GZ',2);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.39 sec)

--外键pid可以插入NULL

mysql> insert into card(location,pid)values('CS',NULL);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

--显示person与card表中的数据

mysql> select * from person;

+----+-------+

| id | name |

+----+-------+

|  1| jack  |

|  2| marry |

+----+-------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> select * from card;

+----+----------+------+

| id | location | pid  |

+----+----------+------+

|  1| BJ       |    1 |

|  2| GZ       |    2 |

|  3| CS       | NULL |

+----+----------+------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--插入pid为3的出错误，外键pid必须来源另一表的主键值或为NULL

mysql> insert into card(location,pid)values('NJ',3);

ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update achild row: a foreign key constraint fails (`mydb2`.`card`, CONSTRAINT `pid_FK`FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `person` (`id`))

注意:外键值必须来源于所引用别一个表主键值，或NULL  

--有外键关系的行不能删除，需先删除其关联的外键关系,再进行删除主键关系的数据，与创建的时候相反      

mysql> deletefrom person where name='jack';

ERROR 1451(23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails(`mydb2`.`card`, CONSTRAINT `pid_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `person`(`id`))

一对一关系方式二:主键当作另一个表的外键

例下面的card表的id既是主键又是外键

mysql> drop table if exists card;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

 

mysql> drop table if exists person;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

 

mysql> create table person(

    -> id int primary key auto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.90 sec)

 

mysql> insert into person(name)values('jack');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

 

mysql> insert into person(name)values('marry')

   -> ;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)

--使用主键作为外键

mysql> create table card(

   ->  id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->  location varchar(20) notnull,

   ->  constraint id_FK foreignkey(id) references person(id)

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec)

 

mysql> insert into card(location)values('BJ');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> insert into card(location)values('CS');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.18 sec);

--id为3, 不符合参照完整性,3在person表中打不到

mysql> insert into card(location) values('GZ');

ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update achild row: a foreign key constraint fails (`mydb2`.`card`, CONSTRAINT `id_FK`FOREIGN KEY (`id`) REFERENCES `person` (`id`))

--NULL也不行，因为这里id为一个非空的属性

mysql> insert into card(location)values(NULL);

ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'location'cannot be null

==========================一对多关系=============================

设计方案:

一方做一个容器，多方做一个引用

mysql> create table department(

   ->  id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec)

 

mysql> insert into department(name)values('软件部');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)

 

mysql> insert into department(name)values('销售部');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

 

mysql> create table employee(

   ->  id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null,

   ->  did int,

   ->  constraint did_FK foreignkey(did) references department(id)

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.02 sec)

 

mysql> insert into employee(name,did)values('jack',1);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)

 

mysql> insert into employee(name,did)values('marry',1);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)

 

mysql>

 

mysql> select * from department;

+----+-----------+

| id | name      |

+----+-----------+

|  1| 软件部    |

|  2| 销售部    |

+----+-----------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> select * from employee;

+----+-------+------+

| id | name | did  |

+----+-------+------+

|  1| jack  |    1 |

|  2| marry |    1 |

+----+-------+------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--查询软件部的员工(利用子查询)

mysql> select * from employee wheredid=(select id from department where name='软件部');

+----+-------+------+

| id | name | did  |

+----+-------+------+

|  1| jack  |    1 |

|  2| marry |    1 |

+----+-------+------+

2 rows in set (0.05 sec)

--利用多表查询

mysql> select e.name as 员工姓名,d.name  as 部门名称 from employee e,department d where d.name='软件部';

+--------------+--------------+

| 员工姓名     | 部门名称     |

+--------------+--------------+

| jack         | 软件部       |

| marry        | 软件部       |

+--------------+--------------+

2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

============================多对多方案=============================

--创建的时候，先创建两边的，再创建中间的

--删除的时候先删除中间的，再删除两边的

mysql> drop table if exists middle;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00sec)

 

mysql> drop table if exists student;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)

 

mysql> drop table if exists teacher;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.33 sec)

 

mysql> create table if not existsstudent(

   ->  id int primary keyauto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec)

 

mysql> insert into student(name)values('jack');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)

 

mysql> insert into student(name)values('marry');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

 

mysql> create table if not existsteacher(

    ->  id int primary key auto_increment,

   ->  name varchar(20) not null

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.43 sec)

 

mysql> insert into teacher(name)values('赵');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.34 sec)

 

mysql> insert into teacher(name)values('蔡');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

--多对多(外健放置在关联表中，即将一个多对多拆分成二个一对多关系)

-- 组合主键

mysql> create table if not existsmiddle(

   ->  sid int,

   ->  tid int,

   ->  constraint sid_FK foreignkey(sid) references student(id),

   ->  constraint tid_FK foreignkey(tid) references teacher(id),

   ->  primary key(sid,tid)

   -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.59 sec)

mysql> insert into middle(sid,tid)values(1,1);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)

 

mysql> insert into middle(sid,tid)values(1,2);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

 

mysql> insert into middle(sid,tid)values(2,1);

Query OK, 1 row affected (1.07 sec)

mysql> insert into middle(sid,tid)values(2,2);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07sec)mysql> insert into middle(sid,tid) values(2,2);

--查询赵教师教过的所有学员,组合查询

--t.name='赵'  条件

-- and m.sid=s.id andm.tid=t.id  --表连接起来

模式：

select 列出需要显示的字段

from 列出所涉及到的所有表，建议写别名

where 业务条件and 表关联条件

--sql

mysql> selectt.name as 老师, s.name as 学员

    -> from teacher as t,student as s,middleas m

    -> where t.name = '赵'and m.sid=s.id and m.tid=t.id;

+--------+--------+

| 老师  | 学员   |

+--------+--------+

| 赵    | jack   |

| 赵    | marry  |

+--------+--------+

2 rows in set(0.00 sec)