ubuntu16.04下virtualenv环境中, django与mysql安装

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-27 21:12:44 发布

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分类专栏： python 文章标签： django

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zhaihaifei/article/details/51673919

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1 安装virtualenv

zhai@zhai:~$ pip list
The program 'pip' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:
sudo apt install python-pip
zhai@zhai:~$ sudo apt install python-pip
...

You are using pip version 8.1.1, however version 8.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
zhai@zhai:~$ pip install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
  Downloading pip-8.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.2MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.2MB 18kB/s 
Installing collected packages: pip
Successfully installed pip-8.1.2

zhai@zhai:~$ sudo apt install virtualenv
sudo: unable to resolve host zhai
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done

zhai@zhai:~$ which virtualenv
/usr/bin/virtualenv
zhai@zhai:~$ mkdir venvs
zhai@zhai:~$ virtualenv venvs
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/bin/python2
New python executable in /home/zhai/venvs/bin/python2
Also creating executable in /home/zhai/venvs/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pkg_resources, pip, wheel...done.
zhai@zhai:~$ ls venvs/
bin  include  lib  local  pip-selfcheck.json  share
zhai@zhai:~$ pip list
adium-theme-ubuntu (0.3.4)
pip (8.1.2)
setuptools (20.7.0)
unity-lens-photos (1.0)
virtualenv (15.0.2)
wheel (0.29.0)
zhai@zhai:~$ cd venvs/
zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ ls
bin  include  lib  local  pip-selfcheck.json  share
zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ . bin/activate
(venvs) zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ python
Python 2.7.11+ (default, Apr 17 2016, 14:00:29) 
[GCC 5.3.1 20160413] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import django
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named django
>>> 
(venvs) zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ pip install django
Collecting django
  Downloading Django-1.9.7-py2.py3-none-any.whl (6.6MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 6.6MB 20kB/s 
Installing collected packages: django
Successfully installed django-1.9.7

检查python版本及django版本

(venvs) zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ which python
/home/zhai/venvs/bin/python
(venvs) zhai@zhai:~/venvs$ python
Python 2.7.11+ (default, Apr 17 2016, 14:00:29) 
[GCC 5.3.1 20160413] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import django
>>> django.VERSION
(1, 9, 7, 'final', 0)
>>> django.get_version()
'1.9.7'
>>>

2 创建django工程项目

要创建一个Django项目非常简单，使用startproject命令，输入项目名称：

django-admin.py startproject mysite

Django会在当前目录下自动生成一个名为mysite的文件夹，里面有以下文件：

├── manage.py
└── mysite
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── wsgi.py

创建项目后，进入项目文件夹，启动Django自带的web服务器：

python manage.py runserver

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

June 15, 2016 - 06:51:33
Django version 1.9.7, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000，如果顺利显示，说明Django已经可以正常使用了。但现在只有本机可以访问，要让外网能够访问，或是要更换默认的8000端口，可以执行命令：

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080

这样就将端口修改为8080，且外网也可以通过IP访问本机上的Django。

3 安装mysql-server

3.1 安装mysql-server与mysql-client

zhai@zhai:~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server

zhai@zhai:~$ mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 9
Server version: 5.7.12-0ubuntu1 (Ubuntu)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> ^C^C
mysql> ^DBye

3.2 安装libmysqld-dev包

在虚拟运行环境下直接安装

sudo apt-get install libmysqld-dev

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ apt-cache search mysql |grep devel
libmysqlclient-dev - MySQL database development files
libmysqld-dev - MySQL embedded database development files
gambas3 - Complete visual development environment for Gambas
libapophenia2-dev - Apophenia Statistical C Library -- development package
libapq4-dev - Pluggable Ada 95 Binding to various database systems (development)
libcppdb-dev - SQL Connectivity Library (development files)
libmysql++-dev - MySQL C++ library bindings (development)
libmysql-ocaml-dev - OCaml bindings for MySql (development package)
libmysqlcppconn-dev - MySQL Connector for C++ (development files)
libodb-mysql-dev - ODB Runtime Library for MySQL (development)
libsqlclient-dev - SQL client library for GNUstep (development files)
libtango8-dev - TANGO distributed control system - development library
libterralib-dev - C++ library for Geographical Information Systems -- development package
libwtdbomysql-dev - MySQL/MariaDB backend for Wt::Dbo [development]
lua-dbi-mysql-dev - DBI library for the Lua language, MySQL development files
lua-sql-mysql-dev - luasql development files for the Lua language
monodevelop-database - Database plugin for MonoDevelop
tora - graphical toolkit for database developers and administrators
tora-dbg - graphical toolkit for database developers and administrators - debugging symbols
(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev
[sudo] password for zhai: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  zlib1g-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libmysqlclient-dev zlib1g-dev
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,325 kB of archives.
After this operation, 7,470 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 zlib1g-dev amd64 1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4 [168 kB]
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 libmysqlclient-dev amd64 5.7.12-0ubuntu1 [1,158 kB]
Fetched 1,325 kB in 1s (666 kB/s)                      
Selecting previously unselected package zlib1g-dev:amd64.
(Reading database ... 241961 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../zlib1g-dev_1%3a1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking zlib1g-dev:amd64 (1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmysqlclient-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../libmysqlclient-dev_5.7.12-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.12-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up zlib1g-dev:amd64 (1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.12-0ubuntu1) ...

如果不安装这个包，在安装下面的mysql-python包的过程中会出现“mysql_config not found”错误。

3.3 安装mysql-python包

在虚拟运行环境下直接安装

Django(Python)操作MySQL依赖第三方包，所以要先安装mysql-python包。 pypi网址：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/MySQL-python

命令：

pip install mysql-python

过程：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ pip install mysql-python
Collecting mysql-python
  Using cached MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip
Building wheels for collected packages: mysql-python
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for mysql-python ... done
  Stored in directory: /home/zhai/.cache/pip/wheels/38/a3/89/ec87e092cfb38450fc91a62562055231deb0049a029054dc62
Successfully built mysql-python
Installing collected packages: mysql-python
Successfully installed mysql-python-1.2.5

3.4 新建数据库

库名要与下面配置Django中settings.py里面的DATABASES里面的数据库名一致

MariaDB [(none)]> create database mysite;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysite             |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysite;
Database changed

MariaDB [mysite]> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

执行命令 GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON mysite.* TO zhai@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '*******' WITH GRANT OPTION;

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON mysite.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '123456' WITH GRANT OPTION; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO zhai@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '123456' WITH GRANT OPTION;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '123456' WITH GRANT OPTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye

如果不执行上面的grant命令可能出现错误：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
ERROR 1698 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'

3.5 数据库操作

创建数据库: CREATE DATABASE <dbname> CHARACTER SET utf8;
这可以确保所有表和列默认使用UTF-8。

查看mysql数据库的端口号

MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'port';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| port          | 3306  |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查看有哪些数据库：show databases;

查看mysql数据库所有用户：select distinct concat('user:''',user,'''@''',host,''';') as query from mysql.user

MariaDB [(none)]> select distinct concat('user:''',user,'''@''',host,''';') as query from mysql.user
    -> ;
+--------------------------+
| query                    |
+--------------------------+
| user:'root'@'localhost'; |
| user:'zhai'@'localhost'; |
+--------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

或 MariaDB [mysql]> select * from user;

查看某个数据库中所有的表： show tables;

mysql语法总结：http://www.cnblogs.com/hongten/archive/2013/05/23/hongten_mysql_5_5.html

3.6 mysql相关

文件结构

MySQL配置文件：/etc/mysql/my.cnf ，其中指定了数据文件存放路径

datadir         = /var/lib/mysql

如果你创建了一个名为 test 的数据库，那么这个数据库的数据会存放到 /var/lib/mysql/test 目录下。

进入MySQL

mysql -u root -p

(输入mysql的root密码)

qii@ubuntu:~$ mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 37
Server version: 5.1.41-3ubuntu12.3 (Ubuntu)

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

修改 MySQL 的管理员密码：

sudo mysqladmin -u root password newpassword；

简单的操作

显示数据库：

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

设置远程访问

1.取消本地监听
正常情况下，mysql占用的3306端口只是在IP 127.0.0.1上监听，拒绝了其他IP的访问（通过netstat可以查看到）。取消本地监听需要修改 my.cnf 文件：

sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
//找到如下内容，并注释
bind-address = 127.0.0.1

然后需要重启 mysql （可最后再重启）。

2.授权法

mysql>GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO <user>@"%" IDENTIFIED BY '<password>' WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql>FLUSH PRIVILEGES

第二句表示从mysql数据库的grant表中重新加载权限数据。因为MySQL把权限都放在了cache中，所以在做完更改后需要重新加载。

参考：http://wiki.ubuntu.com.cn/MySQL

4 让Django支持Mysql数据库

4.1 要让Django支持Mysql数据库，我们需要改一下配置文件settings.py（mysite/mysite目录下面）。

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'mysite',
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': '123456',
        'HOST': '',
        'PORT': '',
    }
}

此配置详细说明请参考：http://python.usyiyi.cn/django/ref/settings.html#messages

如果NAME指定的数据库没有创建，在启动python manage.py runserver命令后，会出现错误：

django.db.utils.OperationalError: (1049, "Unknown database 'mysite'")

4.2 测试一下mysql数据库配置是否成功

引入一下看看是否会出现错误，如果没有出现错误，说明配置成功。

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.11+ (default, Apr 17 2016, 14:00:29) 
[GCC 5.3.1 20160413] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from django.db import connection
>>> cursor=connection.cursor()
>>>

4.3 数据库迁移

运行python manage.py runserver后没有做迁移

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

June 15, 2016 - 06:51:33
Django version 1.9.7, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

在浏览器上，输入：http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/，出现错误：

ProgrammingError at /admin/

(1146, "Table 'mysite.django_session' doesn't exist")

做迁移后访问url正常：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ ./manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, polls, auth, sessions
Running migrations:
  Rendering model states... DONE
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
  Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

迁移前后：

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysite;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [mysite]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_mysite  |
+-------------------+
| django_migrations |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mysite]> show tables;
+----------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysite           |
+----------------------------+
| auth_group                 |
| auth_group_permissions     |
| auth_permission            |
| auth_user                  |
| auth_user_groups           |
| auth_user_user_permissions |
| django_admin_log           |
| django_content_type        |
| django_migrations          |
| django_session             |
| polls_choice               |
| polls_question             |
+----------------------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Mysql的安装与配置。

1、 Django默认的数据库是sqlite，我们可以看到项目文件夹下面有个自动生成的db.sqlite3文件。而我们是需要使用Mysql的。

2、要让Django支持Mysql数据库，我们需要改一下配置文件settings.py（mysite/mysite目录下面）。知道DATABASES进行如下修改即可。

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 数据库名, 
        'USER': '用户名,
        'PASSWORD': '密码', 
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
        'PORT': '3306',
    }
}

3、安装Mysql

 
         sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client

 
         sudo apt-get install libmysqld-dev

在这个过程他会提示你输入root的密码并确认密码。

Django(Python)操作MySQL依赖第三方包，所以要先安装MySQL for Python

 
         sudo apt-get install python-dev

 
         wget https: 
         //pypi.python.org/packages/source/M/MySQL-python/MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip

 
         解压MySQL-python- 
         1.2 
         . 
         5 
         .zip

 
         cd MySQL-python- 
         1.2 
         . 
         5 
         /

 
         sudo python setup.py install

4、配置mysql远程访问权限（用户名密码自行修改）

     ? 
   
 
         GRANT  
         ALL  
         PRIVILEGES  
         ON  
         *.*  
         TO  
         '用户名' 
         @ 
         '%'  
         IDENTIFIED  
         BY  
         '密码'  
         WITH  
         GRANT  
         OPTION 
         ; 
        

            
        
 
         FLUSH   
         PRIVILEGES 
         ;（配置立即生效） 
        

这个时候我们还是无法远程连接Mysql，下面还得修改/etc/mysql/my.cnf文件；

将bind-address = 127.0.0.1中的IP地址修改为0.0.0.0

重启mysql

 
         service mysql restart

OK，远程连接成功。

5、新建数据库

新建一个数据库，名字需要续我们前面配置Django中settings.py里面的DATABASES里面的数据库名一致。

6、再次执行python manage.py migrate

当我们看到新建的数据库中增加了如上所以的表，证明Mysql已经配置成功。

出现问题：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ python manage.py runserver
Unhandled exception in thread started by <function wrapper at 0x7fe6f9e98938>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 226, in wrapper
    fn(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line 109, in inner_run
    autoreload.raise_last_exception()
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 249, in raise_last_exception
    six.reraise(*_exception)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 226, in wrapper
    fn(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/__init__.py", line 18, in setup
    apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 108, in populate
    app_config.import_models(all_models)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/config.py", line 202, in import_models
    self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module
    __import__(name)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/mysite/polls/models.py", line 13, in <module>
    class Question(models.Model):
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py", line 108, in __new__
    new_class.add_to_class('_meta', Options(meta, app_label))
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py", line 307, in add_to_class
    value.contribute_to_class(cls, name)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/options.py", line 263, in contribute_to_class
    self.db_table = truncate_name(self.db_table, connection.ops.max_name_length())
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/__init__.py", line 36, in __getattr__
    return getattr(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS], item)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 212, in __getitem__
    backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 116, in load_backend
    return import_module('%s.base' % backend_name)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module
    __import__(name)
  File "/home/zhai/django1.9/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 28, in <module>
    raise ImproperlyConfigured("Error loading MySQLdb module: %s" % e)
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module: No module named MySQLdb

原因是没有安装mysql-python包

下载MySQL-python-1.2.4b4.tar.gz，安装失败

安装过程：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9$ pip install mysql-python==1.2.4
Collecting mysql-python==1.2.4
  Downloading MySQL-python-1.2.4.zip (113kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 122kB 666kB/s 
    Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
    Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/d/distribute/distribute-0.6.28.tar.gz
    Extracting in /tmp/tmpwIXYRY
    Now working in /tmp/tmpwIXYRY/distribute-0.6.28
    Building a Distribute egg in /tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "setup.py", line 220, in <module>
        scripts = scripts,
      File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/core.py", line 111, in setup
        _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
      File "/tmp/tmpwIXYRY/distribute-0.6.28/setuptools/dist.py", line 225, in __init__
        _Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
。。。
     File "/home/zhai/django1.9/lib/python2.7/re.py", line 155, in sub
        return _compile(pattern, flags).sub(repl, string, count)
    RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded
    /tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
      File "/tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/setup.py", line 7, in <module>
        use_setuptools()
      File "/tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/distribute_setup.py", line 145, in use_setuptools
        return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay)
      File "/tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/distribute_setup.py", line 125, in _do_download
        _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir)
      File "/tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/distribute_setup.py", line 116, in _build_egg
        raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')
    IOError: Could not build the egg.
    
    ----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-pw40wx/mysql-python/

安装：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ pip install mysql-python
Collecting mysql-python
  Using cached MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip
    Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
    sh: 1: mysql_config: not found
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
      File "/tmp/pip-build-SbKCKR/mysql-python/setup.py", line 17, in <module>
        metadata, options = get_config()
      File "/tmp/pip-build-SbKCKR/mysql-python/setup_posix.py", line 43, in get_config
        libs = mysql_config("libs_r")
      File "/tmp/pip-build-SbKCKR/mysql-python/setup_posix.py", line 25, in mysql_config
        raise EnvironmentError("%s not found" % (mysql_config.path,))
    EnvironmentError: mysql_config not found
    
    ----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-SbKCKR/mysql-python/

安装：

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ apt-cache search mysql |grep devel
libmysqlclient-dev - MySQL database development files
libmysqld-dev - MySQL embedded database development files
gambas3 - Complete visual development environment for Gambas
libapophenia2-dev - Apophenia Statistical C Library -- development package
libapq4-dev - Pluggable Ada 95 Binding to various database systems (development)
libcppdb-dev - SQL Connectivity Library (development files)
libmysql++-dev - MySQL C++ library bindings (development)
libmysql-ocaml-dev - OCaml bindings for MySql (development package)
libmysqlcppconn-dev - MySQL Connector for C++ (development files)
libodb-mysql-dev - ODB Runtime Library for MySQL (development)
libsqlclient-dev - SQL client library for GNUstep (development files)
libtango8-dev - TANGO distributed control system - development library
libterralib-dev - C++ library for Geographical Information Systems -- development package
libwtdbomysql-dev - MySQL/MariaDB backend for Wt::Dbo [development]
lua-dbi-mysql-dev - DBI library for the Lua language, MySQL development files
lua-sql-mysql-dev - luasql development files for the Lua language
monodevelop-database - Database plugin for MonoDevelop
tora - graphical toolkit for database developers and administrators
tora-dbg - graphical toolkit for database developers and administrators - debugging symbols
(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev
[sudo] password for zhai: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  zlib1g-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libmysqlclient-dev zlib1g-dev
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,325 kB of archives.
After this operation, 7,470 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 zlib1g-dev amd64 1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4 [168 kB]
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 libmysqlclient-dev amd64 5.7.12-0ubuntu1 [1,158 kB]
Fetched 1,325 kB in 1s (666 kB/s)                      
Selecting previously unselected package zlib1g-dev:amd64.
(Reading database ... 241961 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../zlib1g-dev_1%3a1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking zlib1g-dev:amd64 (1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmysqlclient-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../libmysqlclient-dev_5.7.12-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.12-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up zlib1g-dev:amd64 (1:1.2.8.dfsg-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.12-0ubuntu1) ...
(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$ pip install mysql-python
Collecting mysql-python
  Using cached MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip
Building wheels for collected packages: mysql-python
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for mysql-python ... done
  Stored in directory: /home/zhai/.cache/pip/wheels/38/a3/89/ec87e092cfb38450fc91a62562055231deb0049a029054dc62
Successfully built mysql-python
Installing collected packages: mysql-python
Successfully installed mysql-python-1.2.5
(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/MySQL-python-1.2.4b4$

安装成功后问题解决。

(django1.9) zhai@zhai:~/django1.9/mysite$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

June 14, 2016 - 10:18:07
Django version 1.9.7, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

参考：

1 mysql官方安装指导：http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-apt-repo-quick-guide/en/

原文：http://dmyz.org/archives/110

Django+MySQL安装配置详解(Linux)[更新为1.8.2版]

Posted 2015-06-01 by Perchouli

Perface

Django是一个开源的Web应用框架，由Python写成，并于2005年7月在BSD许可证下发布。Django的主要目标是使得开发复杂的、数据库驱动的网站变得简单。Django采用MVC设计模式注重组件的重用性和“可插拔性”，敏捷开发和DRY法则（Don’t Repeat Yourself）。在Django中Python被普遍使用，甚至包括配置文件和数据模型。本文介绍Django在Linux(Ubuntu 14.04.2)+MySQL(5.5.43)环境下安装、配置的过程，包括安装、运行、添加应用的所有流程，最终建立一个可以从MySQL读取文章并显示的Django应用。文章面向刚接触Python/Django的初学者，所以安装过程都以默认环境为主，用pip可以简化安装过程。

Install

首先下载Django，得到Django-1.8.2.tar.gz，后解压并安装

$ wget https://www.djangoproject.com/m/releases/1.8/Django-1.8.2.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf Django-1.8.2.tar.gz
$ cd Django-1.8.2
$ sudo python setup.py install

如果提示缺少setuptools还要下载安装setuptools(建议提前安上，因为在安装MySQL for Python的时候也会用到)。

完成安装后，Django会拷贝django-admin.py到/usr/local/bin下，这个py文件引入了Django的管理模块。进阶安装方式可以参看virtualenv, pip

Setup

要创建一个Django项目非常简单，使用startproject命令，输入项目名称：

$ django-admin.py startproject mysite

Django会在当前目录下自动生成一个名为mysite的文件夹，里面有以下文件：

├── manage.py
└── mysite
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── wsgi.py

以上是Django 1.4以后的目录结构(如果是1.4之前的版本，manage.py和settings.py等文件是在同一层)。站点的配置放在与项目同名的一个app里(本例中是mysite)，所以下文的项目文件夹指的是mysite，注意不要和mysite/mysite文件夹混淆。

__init__.py：Python特性，可以是空文件，表明这个文件夹是一个可以导入的包。
settings.py：配置文件，本文主要修改数据库信息、模板目录、加载模块的信息。
url.py：URL配置文件，指定函数与URL的映射关系。
wsgi.py：本文中不会使用，nginx/apache+wsgi在生产环境中运行Django时使用。

创建完成后，在项目文件夹启动Django自带的web服务器。Django会自动检查配置文件中的错误，如果全部正常则顺利启动：

$ python manage.py runserver
Validating models…
Performing system checks…
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.
Run ‘python manage.py migrate’ to apply them.
June 01, 2015 – 00:00:00
Django version 1.8.2, using settings ‘mysite.settings’
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000，如果顺利显示，说明Django已经安装成功了。但现在只有本机可以访问，要让外网能够访问，或是要更换默认的8000端口，可以执行命令：

$ python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080

这样就将端口修改为8080，且外网也可以通过IP访问本机上的Django。

注意红字部分提示还没有执行migrate。这是1.7版本加入的数据库迁移工具，执行：

$ python manage.py migrate

可以看到Django创建了身份认证(auth)相关的表，默认是sqlite数据库，所以项目文件夹下会生成db.sqlite3这个文件。

现在要让Django支持MySQL数据库。编辑配置文件(mysite/mysite/settings.py)。找到DATABASES的配置，当前版本是在77行，默认是sqlite，把它改成MySQL：

 
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         2 
       
         3 
       
         4 
       
         5 
       
         6 
       
         7 
       
         8 
       
         9 
       
         10 
       
        DATABASES 
          
        = 
          
        { 
       
        'default' 
        : 
          
        { 
       
        'ENGINE' 
        : 
          
        'django.db.backends.mysql' 
        , 
          
        #设置为mysql数据库 
       
        'NAME' 
        : 
          
        'dmyz' 
        , 
           
        #mysql数据库名 
       
        'USER' 
        : 
          
        'root' 
        , 
           
        #mysql用户名，留空则默认为当前linux用户名 
       
        'PASSWORD' 
        : 
          
        'root' 
        , 
            
        #mysql密码 
       
        'HOST' 
        : 
          
        '' 
        , 
           
        #留空默认为localhost 
       
        'PORT' 
        : 
          
        '' 
        , 
           
        #留空默认为3306端口 
       
        } 
       
        }

代码的中文注释，在不指定Python文件编码的情况下会引起SyntaxError，所以不要复制这些中文注释。下文的中文注释同理。

Django(Python)操作MySQL依赖第三方包，所以要先安装MySQL for Python。

$ wget https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/M/MySQL-python/MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip
$ unzip MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip
$ sudo python setup.py install

可能会提示EnvironmentError: mysql_config not found。因为没有安装开发工具包，所以找不到mysql_config文件，执行：

$ sudo apt-get install libmysqld-dev

安装模块后再次执行migrate命令，如果相关的模块/库都正确安装，Django会创建下列表：

URL

现在首页还是默认内容。Django会通过URL配置文件来查找相应的对象，URL地址使用正则表达式设置。在mysite/mysite目录下可以找到urls.py文件，它是URL配置的默认起点，修改这个文件增加首页的配置：

 
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         6 
       
         7 
       
         8 
       
         9 
       
        from 
         
        django 
        . 
        conf 
        . 
        urls 
        import 
         
        include 
        , 
         
        url 
       
        from 
         
        django 
        . 
        contrib 
        import 
         
        admin 
       
        from 
         
        . 
         
        import 
         
        views 
           
        #引入views 
       
        urlpatterns 
         
        = 
         
        [ 
       
        url 
        ( 
        r 
        '^admin/' 
        , 
         
        include 
        ( 
        admin 
        . 
        site 
        . 
        urls 
        ) 
        ) 
        , 
       
        url 
        ( 
        r 
        '^$' 
        , 
         
        views 
        . 
        home 
        ) 
        , 
        #增加一条URL规则，r'^$'表示首页(/) 
       
        ]

在mysite/mysite文件夹下新建views.py文件，内容如下：

 
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         2 
       
         3 
       
        from 
          
        django 
        . 
        http  
        import 
          
        HttpResponse 
       
        def 
          
        home 
        ( 
        request 
        ) 
        : 
       
        return 
          
        HttpResponse 
        ( 
        'hello, world' 
        )

刷新网站首页，看到已经输出了”hello, world”。

Application

上一节”hello world”的例子只是说明了URL的用法，这节才是本文重点：编写一个名为articles的应用，从MySQL数据库里读取出文章作者、标题、内容。

首先建立应用，在项目文件夹中执行：

$ python manage.py startapp articles

运行后在项目文件夹中会创建article文件夹，包含下列文件：

articles/
├── admin.py
├── __init__.py
├── migrations
└── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py

admin.py：当前应用在Django管理界面的设置。
migrations：数据库迁移用文件夹，创建的migrate会存在这个文件夹里。
models.py：模型文件，用 Python 类来描述数据表。
views.py：视图文件，用来联系模型与模版，主要的业务逻辑一般都写在这里。
tests.py：单元测试文件。

生成应用之后，要修改配置文件，告诉Django这个应用是属于当前项目的。打开配置文件(mysite/mysite/settings.py)，找到INSTALLED_APPS元组，增加articles：

 
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        INSTALLED_APPS 
         
        = 
         
        ( 
       
        'django.contrib.auth' 
        , 
       
        'django.contrib.contenttypes' 
        , 
       
        'django.contrib.sessions' 
        , 
       
        'django_openid_auth' 
        , 
       
        'django.contrib.auth' 
        , 
       
        'django.contrib.contenttypes' 
        , 
       
        'django.contrib.sessions' 
        , 
       
        #…… 
       
        'articles' 
        , 
         
        #加入应用 
       
        )

然后编写模型文件(article/models.py)：

 
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        from 
          
        django 
        . 
        db  
        import 
          
        models 
       
        # Create your models here. 
       
        class 
          
        Article 
        ( 
        models 
        . 
        Model 
        ) 
        : 
       
        title 
          
        = 
          
        models 
        . 
        CharField 
        ( 
        max_length 
        = 
        64 
        ) 
       
        author 
          
        = 
          
        models 
        . 
        CharField 
        ( 
        max_length 
        = 
        32 
        ) 
       
        content 
          
        = 
          
        models 
        . 
        TextField 
        ( 
        )

Django会根据模型文件自动生成migrations来操作数据库。syncdb命令在1.9版本之前仍然可以使用，但还是建议使用migrate：

$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for ‘articles’:
  0001_initial.py:
    – Create model Article
$ python manage.py migrate
Running migrations:
  Rendering model states… DONE
    Applying articles.0001_initial… OK

Django会创建名为articles_article的表，包含一个默认的主键和之前定义的字段：

简单的模型就设置完成了，现在编辑应用的视图(articles/views.py)文件：

 
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         7 
       
        # articles/views.py 
       
        from 
         
        django 
        . 
        shortcuts 
        import 
         
        render 
       
        from 
         
        articles 
        . 
        models 
        import 
         
        Article 
         
        #引入之前定义的model 
       
        def 
         
        latest_article 
        ( 
        request 
        ) 
        : 
       
        article_list 
         
        = 
         
        Article 
        . 
        objects 
        . 
        order_by 
        ( 
        '-id' 
        ) 
       
        return 
         
        render 
        ( 
        request 
        , 
         
        'articles.html' 
        , 
         
        { 
        'article_list' 
        : 
        article_list 
        } 
        )

编辑之前的urls.py文件(mysite/mysite/urls.py)：

 
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         10 
       
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        from 
          
        django 
        . 
        conf 
        . 
        urls  
        import 
          
        include 
        , 
          
        url 
       
        from 
          
        django 
        . 
        contrib  
        import 
          
        admin 
       
        from 
          
        . 
          
        import 
          
        views 
       
        from 
          
        articles  
        import 
          
        views  
        as 
          
        articles_views 
          
        #导入articles的views 
       
        urlpatterns 
          
        = 
          
        [ 
       
        url 
        ( 
        r 
        '^admin/' 
        , 
          
        include 
        ( 
        admin 
        . 
        site 
        . 
        urls 
        ) 
        ) 
        , 
       
        url 
        ( 
        r 
        '^$' 
        , 
          
        views 
        . 
        home 
        ) 
        , 
       
        url 
        ( 
        r 
        '^articles/' 
        , 
          
        articles_views 
        . 
        latest_article 
        ) 
        , 
       
        ]

现在访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/articles/，直接运行会报错TemplateDoesNotExist at 路径，因为还没有告诉Django，到哪里去找articles.html文件。

编辑配置文件(mysite/mysite/settings.py)，在56行找到TEMPLATE设置，在DIRS中设置一个模版路径，这里将模版目录指定为项目文件夹下的templates：

 
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        TEMPLATES 
         
        = 
         
        [ 
       
        { 
       
        'BACKEND' 
        : 
         
        'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' 
        , 
       
        'DIRS' 
        : 
         
        [ 
        os.path 
        . 
        join 
        ( 
        BASE_DIR 
        , 
         
        'templates' 
        ) 
        , 
        ] 
        , 
       
        'APP_DIRS' 
        : 
         
        True 
        , 
       
        . 
        . 
        . 
        .

创建templates(mysite/templates)文件夹和articles.html文件(mysite/templates/articles.html)。如果使用过其它框架或者模板引擎，下面articles.html的内容就很容易看懂了，Django在模版文件中利用相应的TAG控制传递过来的变量显示的位置：

 
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         5 
       
        { 
        % 
         
        for 
         
        article 
        in 
         
        article_list 
         
        % 
        } 
       
        Author 
        : 
        { 
        { 
         
        article 
        . 
        author 
         
        } 
        } 
       
        Title 
        : 
        { 
        { 
         
        article 
        . 
        title 
         
        } 
        } 
       
        Content 
        : 
        { 
        { 
         
        article 
        . 
        title 
         
        } 
        } 
       
        { 
        % 
         
        endfor 
         
        % 
        }