SpringCloud 组件之集成 Ribbon 实现负载均衡
一、Ribbon 是什么?
Ribbon是一个客户端负载平衡器,可以很好地控制HTTP和TCP客户端的行为。
Spring Cloud有两种客户端负载均衡的服务调用方式,一种是Ribbon+RestTemplate,另一种是Feign(通常在实际应用中,选择Fegin)。
通过 Spring Cloud Ribbon 的封装,我们在微服务架构中使用客户端负载均衡调用非常简单,只需要如下两步:
1.服务提供者只需要启动多个服务实例并注册到一个注册中心或是多个相关联的服务注册中心。
2.服务消费者直接通过调用被 @LoadBalanced 注解修饰过的 RestTemplate 来实现面向服务的接口调用。
二、创建项目实现负载均衡
1.项目说明
新建项目 ribbon,项目下新建3个module:eureka-server、provider、consumer。
eureka-server:服务注册中心,provider 和 consumer 均注册至该中心。
provider:服务提供者,启动2个不同端口实例,启动方法见:IDEA一个服务启动多个实例的方法
consumer:服务消费者,调用 provider 的服务。
项目目录结构:
2.创建 Maven 空项目 ribbon
由于src目录不再用到,创建后将src目录删除。
3.创建模块 eureka-server
(1).添加依赖
添加依赖,如果已按截图操作,pom.xml 的内容会自动生成:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.6.3</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.chaoyue</groupId>
<artifactId>eureka-server</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>eureka-server</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>2021.0.0</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
(2).添加配置
application.yml 文件中添加如下配置:
server:
port: 8080 #服务注册中心端口
eureka:
instance:
hostname: 127.0.0.1 #服务注册中心IP地址
client:
registerWithEureka: false #是否向服务注册中心注册自己
fetchRegistry: false #是否检索服务
serviceUrl: #服务注册中心链接,指定服务注册中心的位置
defaultZone: http://${eureka.instance.hostname}:${server.port}/eureka/
(3).启动类添加注解
启动类添加注解 @EnableEurekaServer
package com.chaoyue.eurekaserver;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class EurekaServerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);
}
}
(4).启动服务
运行服务后,浏览器输入:http://localhost:8080/
4.创建模块 provider
(1).添加依赖
添加依赖,如果已按截图操作,pom.xml 的内容会自动生成:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.6.3</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.chaoyue</groupId>
<artifactId>provider</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>provider</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>2021.0.0</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
(2).添加配置
application.yml 文件中添加如下配置:
server:
port: 8081 #服务端口
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl: #注册中心注册地址
defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:8080/eureka/
spring:
application:
name: service-provider #服务名称
(3).启动类添加注解
启动类添加注解 @EnableEurekaClient
package com.chaoyue.provider;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class ProviderApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ProviderApplication.class, args);
}
}
(4).新建控制类
package com.chaoyue.provider.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@Value("${server.port}")
private String port;
@GetMapping("/sayHi")
public String sayHi() {
return "Hi,我来自端口:" + port;
}
}
(5).启动服务
启动2个实例,以测试是否实现负载均衡。启动方法见:IDEA一个服务启动多个实例的方法
5.创建模块 consumer
(1).添加依赖
添加依赖,如果已按截图操作,pom.xml 的内容会自动生成:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.6.3</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.chaoyue</groupId>
<artifactId>consumer</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>consumer</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>2021.0.0</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
(2).添加配置
application.yml 文件中添加如下配置:
server:
port: 8082 #服务端口
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl: #注册中心注册地址
defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:8080/eureka/
spring:
application:
name: service-consumer #服务名称
(3).启动类添加注解
启动类添加注解 @EnableEurekaClient,注入bean: restTemplate,通过@LoadBalanced 注解开启负载均衡的功能:
package com.chaoyue.consumer;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class ConsumerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
(4).新建服务类
package com.chaoyue.consumer.service;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@Service
public class HelloService {
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
public String sayHi() {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://service-provider/sayHi", String.class);
}
}
(5).新建控制类
package com.chaoyue.consumer.controller;
import com.chaoyue.consumer.service.HelloService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@Autowired
HelloService helloService;
@RequestMapping(value = "/sayHi")
public String sayHi() {
return helloService.sayHi();
}
}
(6).启动服务
启动服务后,浏览器输入:http://localhost:8082/sayHi
刷新页面会轮流返回:
Hi,我来自端口:8081
Hi,我来自端口:8083