-数据泵 EXPDP 导出工具的使用

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–数据泵 EXPDP 导出工具的使用
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对于Oracle 数据库之间的导入导出,可以使用Oracle提供的导入导出工具EXP/IMP来实现。EXP/IMP是Oracle早期提供的数据导入导出工具。在Oracle 10g 中,提供了高速导入导出数据泵IMPDP,EXPDP,本文主要讲述EXPDP的用法。
关于IMPDP的用法,请参照:数据泵IMPDP 导入工具的使用

一、数据泵的体系结构
数据泵是一个基于服务器端的高速导入导出工具,通过dbms_datapump包来调用
提供expdp,impdp,以及基于Web页面来实现导入导出
提供两种数据数据方式方式:直接路径、外部表
可以定制数据泵作业,以及从作业中分离和重新附加到作业
服务器端的数据泵是直接访问数据文件与SGA,不必通过会话进行访问
数据泵进程
对Unix系统而言,数据泵进程为expdp,impdp
对Windows系统而言,数据泵进程为expdp.exe,impdp.exe
启动一个DataPump作业,至少会启动下列两个进程,一个Data Pump Master(DMnn),一个或多个工作进程(DWnn),主进程控制工作进程
如果多个DataPump作业同时运行,那么每个作业都具有自己的DMnn进程以及自己的DWnn进程
如果设置了并行技术,则每个DWnn进程可以使用两个或多个并行执行服务器(名称为Pnnn)
DataPump生成下列三种形式的文件
SQL文件:描述指定作业所包含对象的若干DDL语句
转储文件:即包含数据和元数据的文件
日志文件:用于记录导出时的相关信息
目录
用于设置导入导出文件所在或存放的位置 create directory dump_scott as /home/oracle/dump/scott’;
可以通过dba_directories来查看系统中已创建的目录 select * from dba_directories;
对于创建的目录必须授予用户读写目录的权限 grant read,write on directory dump_scott to scott;

二、数据泵的优点
在Oracel 10g 中提供的数据泵,较之i时代的导入导出工具(imp,exp),除了能实现imp/exp的功能之外,提供了更好的性能, 下面是数据泵的优点
为数据及数据对象提供更细微级别的选择性(使用exclude,include,content参数)
可以设定数据库版本号(主要是用于兼容老版本的数据库系统)
并行执行
预估导出作业所需要的磁盘空间(使用estimate_only参数)
支持分布式环境中通过数据库链接实现导入导出
支持导入时重新映射功能(即将对象导入到新的目标数据文件,架构,表空间等)
支持元数据压缩及数据采样

三、数据泵程序接口及模式
数据泵导入导出接口如下
命令行接口
参数文件
交互式命令行接口
数据库控制台

数据泵导入导出模式
    整个数据库
    架构
    表
    表空间
    传输表空间

四、导出工具expdp

  1. 它是操作系统下一个可执行的文件存放目录/ORACLE_HOME/bin
    [oracle@oradb bin]$ ls -lh expdp
    -rwxr-x–x 1 oracle oinstall 174K Sep 13 20:01 expdp

    expdp导出工具将数据库中数据备份压缩成一个二进制系统文件.可以在不同OS间迁移

    expdb支持三种模式:
    a. 表模式: 导出用户所有表或者指定的表
    b. 用户模式:导出用户所有对象以及对象中的数据
    c. 导出表空间:导出数据库中特定的表空间
    d. 整个数据库: 导出数据库中所有对象

    使用expdp-? 可以查看expdp命令的用法并启动交互进程,也可使用expdp -help来查看更详细的帮助信息
    [oracle@oradb bin]$ expdp -?
    abort_step Undocumented feature
    access_method Data Access Method - default is Automatic
    attach Attach to existing job - no default)”
    compression Content to export: default is METADATA_ONLY
    content Content to export: default is ALL
    directory Default directory specification
    dumpfile dumpfile names: format is (file1,…) default is expdat.dmp
    encryption_password Encryption key to be used
    estimate Calculate size estimate: default is BLOCKS
    estimate_only Only estimate the length of the job: default is N
    exclude Export exclude option: no default
    filesize file size: the size of export dump files
    flashback_time database time to be used for flashback export: no default
    flashback_scn system change number to be used for flashback export: no default
    full indicates a full mode export
    include export include option: no default
    ip_address IP Address for PLSQL debugger
    help help: display description on export parameters, default is N
    job_name Job Name: no default)”
    keep_master keep_master: Retain job table upon completion
    log_entry logentry
    logfile log export messages to specified file
    metrics Enable/disable object metrics reporting
    mp_enable Enable/disable multi-processing for current session
    network_link Network mode export
    nologfile No export log file created
    package_load Specify how to load PL/SQL objects
    parallel Degree of Parallelism: default is 1
    parallel_threshold Degree of DML Parallelism
    parfile parameter file: name of file that contains parameter specifications
    query query used to select a subset of rows for a table
    sample Specify percentage of data to be sampled
    schemas schemas to export: format is ‘(schema1, .., schemaN)’
    silent silent: display information, default is NONE
    status Interval between status updates
    tables Tables to export: format is ‘(table1, table2, …, tableN)’
    tablespaces tablespaces to transport/recover: format is ‘(ts1,…, tsN)’
    trace Trace option: enable sql_trace and timed_stat, default is 0
    transport_full_check TTS perform test for objects in recovery set: default is N
    transport_tablespaces Transportable tablespace option: default is N
    tts_closure_check Enable/disable transportable containment check: def is Y
    userid user/password to connect to oracle: no default
    version Job version: Compatible is the default

    Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Monday, 20 September, 2010 14:22:56
    
    Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
    
    Username:      
    
  2. 导出工具expdp非交互式命令行方式的例子
    a.基于表模式的导出
    SQL> create directory dump_scott as ‘/home/oracle/dump/scott’;

    Directory created.

    SQL> select * from dba_directories;

    OWNER DIRECTORY_NAME DIRECTORY_PATH


    SYS DUMP_SCOTT /home/oracle/dump/scott

    SQL> grant read,write on directory dump_scott to scott;

    Grant succeeded.

    SQL> !
    [oracle@oradb /] mkdir/home/oracle/dump[oracle@oradb/] mkdir /home/oracle/dump/scott
    [oracle@oradb ~]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dumptab.dmp /

    logfile=scott.log tables=dept,emp

    Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Monday, 20 September, 2010 14:55:23

    Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
    With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
    Starting “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01”: scott/**/ directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dumptab.dmp logfile=scott.log tables=dept,emp
    Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method…
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
    Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 128 KB
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”DEPT” 5.656 KB 4 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”EMP” 7.820 KB 14 rows
    Master table “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01” successfully loaded/unloaded


    Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:
    /home/oracle/dump/scott/dumptab.dmp
    Job “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01” successfully completed at 14:55:56

    –后台中DMnn,DWnn进程为启动DataPump是产生的进程
    [oracle@oradb /]$ ps -ef | grep ora_d
    oracle 3445 1 0 14:19 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_orcl
    oracle 3461 1 0 14:19 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_orcl

    [oracle@oradb ~]$ ls -lh /home/oracle/dump/scott
    total 132K
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 124K Sep 20 14:55 dumptab.dmp
    -rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 1.4K Sep 20 14:55 scott.log

    b. 基于用户模式导出
    [oracle@oradb /]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dumpscott.dmp schemas=scott

    Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Monday, 20 September, 2010 15:08:55

    Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
    With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
    Starting “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01”: scott/**/ directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dumpscott.dmp schemas=scott
    Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method…
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
    Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 192 KB
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/COMMENT
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”DEPT” 5.656 KB 4 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”EMP” 7.820 KB 14 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”SALGRADE” 5.585 KB 5 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”BONUS” 0 KB 0 rows
    Master table “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01” successfully loaded/unloaded


    Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is:
    /home/oracle/dump/scott/dumpscott.dmp
    Job “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01” successfully completed at 15:09:23

    c.基于表空间导出
    [oracle@oradb /]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=users1.dmp,user2.dmp /

    compression tablespaces=users

    Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Monday, 20 September, 2010 15:17:35

    Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
    With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
    Starting “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLESPACE_01”: scott/**/ directory=dump_scott dumpfile=users1.dmp,user2.dmp compression tablespaces=users
    Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method…
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
    Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 192 KB
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/COMMENT
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT
    Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”DEPT” 5.656 KB 4 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”EMP” 7.820 KB 14 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”SALGRADE” 5.585 KB 5 rows
    . . exported “SCOTT”.”BONUS” 0 KB 0 rows
    Master table “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLESPACE_01” successfully loaded/unloaded


    Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_TABLESPACE_01 is:
    /home/oracle/dump/scott/users1.dmp
    Job “SCOTT”.”SYS_EXPORT_TABLESPACE_01” successfully completed at 15:17:51

    [oracle@oradb /]$ ls -lh /home/oracle/dump/scott
    total 524K
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 4.0K Sep 20 15:17 compression.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 224K Sep 20 15:09 dumpscott.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 124K Sep 20 14:55 dumptab.dmp
    -rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 1.6K Sep 20 15:17 export.log
    -rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 1.4K Sep 20 14:55 scott.log
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 4.0K Sep 20 15:17 user2.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 148K Sep 20 15:17 users1.dmp

    d. 导出整个数据库,且使用并行导出方式
    [oracle@oradb /]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=full20_%u.dmp parallel=4 full=y

    Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Monday, 20 September, 2010 15:24:02

    Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
    With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
    ORA-31631: privileges are required
    ORA-39161: Full database jobs require privileges

    [oracle@oradb /]$ sqlplus /nolog

    SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Sep 20 15:24:16 2010

    Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    SQL> conn /as sysdba
    Connected.
    Grant succeeded.

    SQL> !
    [oracle@oradb /] expdpscott/tigerdirectory=dumpscottdumpfile=full20[oracle@oradbdump] ls -lh ./scott/fu*
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 19M Sep 20 15:36 ./scott/full20_01.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 22M Sep 20 15:34 ./scott/full20_02.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 18M Sep 20 15:36 ./scott/full20_03.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 15M Sep 20 15:36 ./scott/full20_04.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 5.4M Sep 20 15:36 ./scott/full20_05.dmp
    -rw-r—– 1 oracle oinstall 196K Sep 20 15:33 ./scott/full20_06.dmp

    [oracle@oradb dump]$ ps -ef | grep ora_d
    oracle 3445 1 0 14:19 ? 00:00:01 ora_dbw0_orcl
    oracle 3461 1 0 14:19 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_orcl
    oracle 23443 1 4 15:32 ? 00:00:01 ora_dm00_orcl
    oracle 23494 1 23 15:32 ? 00:00:08 ora_dw01_orcl
    oracle 23673 1 11 15:33 ? 00:00:02 ora_dw02_orcl
    oracle 23675 1 16 15:33 ? 00:00:03 ora_dw03_orcl
    oracle 23677 1 8 15:33 ? 00:00:01 ora_dw04_orcl
    oracle 23679 1 5 15:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_dw05_orcl
    oracle 23681 1 2 15:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_dw06_orcl
    oracle 23696 2416 0 15:33 pts/1 00:00:00 grep ora_d

五、数据泵的监控
1.查询dba_directories获得所创建的目录
2.可以查询dba_datapump_jobs来查看数据泵作业的运行情况,也可以利用ATTACH重新连接上还在进行的JOB
每个datapump可以通过job_name 参数来指定作业名称,如未指定,则系统使用默认的作业名称,如下面的视图中为SYS_EXPORT_FULL_01
通过v$session_longops也可以查看长时间运行的datapump job的具体内容

    SQL> select owner_name owr,job_name jbn,operation ope,job_mode jbm,state,degree,
      2  attached_sessions atts,datapump_sessions dats
      3  from dba_datapump_jobs;

    OWR        JBN                  OPE                  JBM             STATE          DEGREE       ATTS       DATS
    ---------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    SCOTT      SYS_EXPORT_FULL_01   EXPORT               FULL            COMPLETING          2          1          2


    SQL> select sid, serial#,session_type
      2  from  v$session s, dba_datapump_sessions d
      3  where s.saddr = d.saddr;

           SID    SERIAL# SESSION_TYPE
    ---------- ---------- --------------
           143         10 DBMS_DATAPUMP
           149         37 MASTER
           132          3 WORKER
           136          3 WORKER
           135          4 WORKER
           141          5 WORKER
           128          2 WORKER
           142          4 WORKER

3.监控数据泵的逻辑备份程度
    SELECT sid, serial#, context, sofar, totalwork,
    ROUND(sofar/totalwork*100,2) "%_COMPLETE"
    FROM v$session_longops
    WHERE opname LIKE '%EXP%'
    AND totalwork != 0
    AND sofar <> totalwork;

    SID SERIAL# CONTEXT SOFAR   TOTALWORK   %_COMPLETE
    130 33     0       54          70       77.14

六、expdp的常用参数
1.content: 该选项用于指定要导出的内容.默认值为ALL
CONTENT={ALL | DATA_ONLY | METADATA_ONLY}

    expdp scott/tiger  schemas=scott content=all
    expdp scott/tiger tables=emp content=data_only directory=dump_scott dumpfile=empdata.dmp(只导出对象数据)
    expdp scott/tiger tables=emp content=metadata_only directory=dump_scott dumpfile=empmd.dmp(只有定义信息)

2.estimate: 指定估算被导出表所占用磁盘空间分方法.默认值是blocks

    expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dba_object.dmp tablespaces=users estimate=statistics
    expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=dba_object.dmp tablespaces=users estimate=blocks

3.extimate_only:指定是否只估算导出作业所占用的磁盘空间,默认值为N

    expdp scott/tiger  schemas=scott estimate_only=y               
    设置为Y时,导出作用只估算对象所占用的磁盘空间,而不会执行导出作业,
    为N时,不仅估算对象所占用的磁盘空间,还会执行导出操作.

4.exclude:该选项用于指定执行操作时释放要排除对象类型或相关对象
    exclude=view
    exclude=package
    exclude=index:"like 'EMP%'
    object_type用于指定要排除的对象类型,name_expr用于指定要排除的具体对象.exclude和include不能同时使用
    expdp scott/tiger  schemas=scott  exclude=view dumpfile=a9.dmp

    include = object_type[:"name_expr"]
5.filesize:指定导出文件的最大尺寸,默认为,(表示文件尺寸没有限制)

6.flashback_scn: 前提闪回功能开启
    expdp scott/tiger  tables=emp dumpfile=e2.dmp  flashback_scn=4284715
    如果闪回的时间点该对象结构发生变化,将报错(比如该对象没有创建或者ddl操作)

7.flashback_time:指定导出特定时间点的表数据
    expdp scott/tiger DIRECTORY=dump DUMPFILE=a.dmp FLASHBACK_TIME="TO_TIMESTAMP(’-08-2004 14:35:00’,’DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS’)"

    windows下:
    C:/>expdp scott/tiger DIRECTORY=dump_dir DUMPFILE=a.dmp
    flashback_time=/"TO_TIMESTAMP('06-04-2010 11:24:26', 'DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')/"

8.query导出查询得到的结果集
    query=scott.emp :"where deptno = 30 and sal > 3500"

9.sample 使用该参数进行对导出的数据进行采样
    sample="scott"."emp":20
    expdp scott/tiger directory=dump_scott dumpfile=sam.dmp sample=30

10.dumpfile 指定导出时的文件名
    dumpfile=scott_tb.dmp
    dumpfile=scott_tb_%u.dmp   %u 用于扩展导出的文件名,固定长度为个字符,从开始递增,使用并行导出时建议指定该参数

七、更多参考
Oracle 冷备份

SPFILE错误导致数据库无法启动

Oracle 用户、对象权限、系统权限

Oracle 角色、配置文件

Oracle 联机重做日志文件(ONLINE LOG FILE)

Oracle 控制文件(CONTROLFILE)

Oracle 表空间与数据文件

Oracle 归档日志

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