数据库的练习(mysql)

最新推荐文章于 2023-07-27 11:20:22 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-07-27 11:20:22 发布
阅读量3.3k 收藏 6
点赞数 3
分类专栏： sql 文章标签： database
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u012233124/article/details/40048227
版权

 这是数据库的关系图:



创建各个表:


create table classroom
	(building		varchar(15),
	 room_number		varchar(7),
	 capacity		numeric(4,0),
	 primary key (building, room_number)
	);

create table department
	(dept_name		varchar(20), 
	 building		varchar(15), 
	 budget		        numeric(12,2) check (budget > 0),
	 primary key (dept_name)
	);

create table course
	(course_id		varchar(8), 
	 title			varchar(50), 
	 dept_name		varchar(20),
	 credits		numeric(2,0) check (credits > 0),
	 primary key (course_id),
	 foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
	);

create table instructor
	(ID			varchar(5), 
	 name			varchar(20) not null, 
	 dept_name		varchar(20), 
	 salary			numeric(8,2) check (salary > 29000),
	 primary key (ID),
	 foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
	);

create table section
	(course_id		varchar(8), 
         sec_id			varchar(8),
	 semester		varchar(6)
		check (semester in ('Fall', 'Winter', 'Spring', 'Summer')), 
	 year			numeric(4,0) check (year > 1701 and year < 2100), 
	 building		varchar(15),
	 room_number		varchar(7),
	 time_slot_id		varchar(4),
	 primary key (course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
	 foreign key (course_id) references course(course_id)
		on delete cascade,
	 foreign key (building, room_number) references classroom(building, room_number)
		on delete set null
	);

create table teaches
	(ID			varchar(5), 
	 course_id		varchar(8),
	 sec_id			varchar(8), 
	 semester		varchar(6),
	 year			numeric(4,0),
	 primary key (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
	 foreign key (course_id,sec_id, semester, year) references section(course_id,sec_id, semester, year)
		on delete cascade,
	 foreign key (ID) references instructor(ID)
		on delete cascade
	);

create table student
	(ID			varchar(5), 
	 name			varchar(20) not null, 
	 dept_name		varchar(20), 
	 tot_cred		numeric(3,0) check (tot_cred >= 0),
	 primary key (ID),
	 foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
		on delete set null
	);

create table takes
	(ID			varchar(5), 
	 course_id		varchar(8),
	 sec_id			varchar(8), 
	 semester		varchar(6),
	 year			numeric(4,0),
	 grade		        varchar(2),
	 primary key (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
	 foreign key (course_id,sec_id, semester, year) references section(course_id,sec_id, semester, year)
		on delete cascade,
	 foreign key (ID) references student(ID)
		on delete cascade
	);

create table advisor
	(s_ID			varchar(5),
	 i_ID			varchar(5),
	 primary key (s_ID),
	 foreign key (i_ID) references instructor (ID)
		on delete set null,
	 foreign key (s_ID) references student (ID)
		on delete cascade
	);

create table time_slot
	(time_slot_id		varchar(4),
	 day			varchar(1),
	 start_hr		numeric(2) check (start_hr >= 0 and start_hr < 24),
	 start_min		numeric(2) check (start_min >= 0 and start_min < 60),
	 end_hr			numeric(2) check (end_hr >= 0 and end_hr < 24),
	 end_min		numeric(2) check (end_min >= 0 and end_min < 60),
	 primary key (time_slot_id, day, start_hr, start_min)
	);

create table prereq
	(course_id  varchar(8), 
	 prereq_id  varchar(8),
	 primary key (course_id, prereq_id),
	 foreign key (prereq_id) references course (course_id),
         foreign key (course_id) references course (course_id)
	);

为表中插入数据: 

delete from prereq;
delete from time_slot;
delete from advisor;
delete from takes;
delete from student;
delete from teaches;
delete from section;
delete from instructor;
delete from course;
delete from department;
delete from classroom;
insert into classroom values ('Packard', '101', '500');
insert into classroom values ('Painter', '514', '10');
insert into classroom values ('Taylor', '3128', '70');
insert into classroom values ('Watson', '100', '30');
insert into classroom values ('Watson', '120', '50');
insert into department values ('Biology', 'Watson', '90000');
insert into department values ('Comp. Sci.', 'Taylor', '100000');
insert into department values ('Elec. Eng.', 'Taylor', '85000');
insert into department values ('Finance', 'Painter', '120000');
insert into department values ('History', 'Painter', '50000');
insert into department values ('Music', 'Packard', '80000');
insert into department values ('Physics', 'Watson', '70000');
insert into course values ('BIO-101', 'Intro. to Biology', 'Biology', '4');
insert into course values ('BIO-301', 'Genetics', 'Biology', '4');
insert into course values ('BIO-399', 'Computational Biology', 'Biology', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-101', 'Intro. to Computer Science', 'Comp. Sci.', '4');
insert into course values ('CS-190', 'Game Design', 'Comp. Sci.', '4');
insert into course values ('CS-315', 'Robotics', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-319', 'Image Processing', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-347', 'Database System Concepts', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('EE-181', 'Intro. to Digital Systems', 'Elec. Eng.', '3');
insert into course values ('FIN-201', 'Investment Banking', 'Finance', '3');
insert into course values ('HIS-351', 'World History', 'History', '3');
insert into course values ('MU-199', 'Music Video Production', 'Music', '3');
insert into course values ('PHY-101', 'Physical Principles', 'Physics', '4');
insert into instructor values ('10101', 'Srinivasan', 'Comp. Sci.', '65000');
insert into instructor values ('12121', 'Wu', 'Finance', '90000');
insert into instructor values ('15151', 'Mozart', 'Music', '40000');
insert into instructor values ('22222', 'Einstein', 'Physics', '95000');
insert into instructor values ('32343', 'El Said', 'History', '60000');
insert into instructor values ('33456', 'Gold', 'Physics', '87000');
insert into instructor values ('45565', 'Katz', 'Comp. Sci.', '75000');
insert into instructor values ('58583', 'Califieri', 'History', '62000');
insert into instructor values ('76543', 'Singh', 'Finance', '80000');
insert into instructor values ('76766', 'Crick', 'Biology', '72000');
insert into instructor values ('83821', 'Brandt', 'Comp. Sci.', '92000');
insert into instructor values ('98345', 'Kim', 'Elec. Eng.', '80000');
insert into section values ('BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009', 'Painter', '514', 'B');
insert into section values ('BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010', 'Painter', '514', 'A');
insert into section values ('CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Packard', '101', 'H');
insert into section values ('CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'F');
insert into section values ('CS-190', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'E');
insert into section values ('CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'A');
insert into section values ('CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Watson', '120', 'D');
insert into section values ('CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Watson', '100', 'B');
insert into section values ('CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010', 'Taylor', '3128', 'C');
insert into section values ('CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'A');
insert into section values ('EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'C');
insert into section values ('FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'B');
insert into section values ('HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Painter', '514', 'C');
insert into section values ('MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'D');
insert into section values ('PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Watson', '100', 'A');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('12121', 'FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('15151', 'MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('22222', 'PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('32343', 'HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('45565', 'CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('45565', 'CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('76766', 'BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('76766', 'BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-190', '1', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('98345', 'EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into student values ('00128', 'Zhang', 'Comp. Sci.', '102');
insert into student values ('12345', 'Shankar', 'Comp. Sci.', '32');
insert into student values ('19991', 'Brandt', 'History', '80');
insert into student values ('23121', 'Chavez', 'Finance', '110');
insert into student values ('44553', 'Peltier', 'Physics', '56');
insert into student values ('45678', 'Levy', 'Physics', '46');
insert into student values ('54321', 'Williams', 'Comp. Sci.', '54');
insert into student values ('55739', 'Sanchez', 'Music', '38');
insert into student values ('70557', 'Snow', 'Physics', '0');
insert into student values ('76543', 'Brown', 'Comp. Sci.', '58');
insert into student values ('76653', 'Aoi', 'Elec. Eng.', '60');
insert into student values ('98765', 'Bourikas', 'Elec. Eng.', '98');
insert into student values ('98988', 'Tanaka', 'Biology', '120');
insert into takes values ('00128', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('00128', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'C');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'A');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('19991', 'HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('23121', 'FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'C+');
insert into takes values ('44553', 'PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'B-');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'F');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B+');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('54321', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('54321', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'B+');
insert into takes values ('55739', 'MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('76543', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('76543', 'CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010', 'A');
insert into takes values ('76653', 'EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'C');
insert into takes values ('98765', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'C-');
insert into takes values ('98765', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('98988', 'BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('98988', 'BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010', null);
insert into advisor values ('00128', '45565');
insert into advisor values ('12345', '10101');
insert into advisor values ('23121', '76543');
insert into advisor values ('44553', '22222');
insert into advisor values ('45678', '22222');
insert into advisor values ('76543', '45565');
insert into advisor values ('76653', '98345');
insert into advisor values ('98765', '98345');
insert into advisor values ('98988', '76766');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'M', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'W', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'F', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'M', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'W', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'F', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'M', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'W', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'F', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'M', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'W', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'F', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('E', 'T', '10', '30', '11', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('E', 'R', '10', '30', '11', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('F', 'T', '14', '30', '15', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('F', 'R', '14', '30', '15', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'M', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'W', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'F', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('H', 'W', '10', '0', '12', '30');
insert into prereq values ('BIO-301', 'BIO-101');
insert into prereq values ('BIO-399', 'BIO-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-190', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-315', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-319', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-347', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('EE-181', 'PHY-101');
快速导入的方法:
 把上面的两段文本复制粘贴保存后缀名为sql的文件


source   .sql文件的路径


下面是一些练习的题目:

SQL语言练习

1.     找出Comp.Sci.系开设的具有3个学分的课程名称。

2.     找出名叫Einstein的教师所教的所有学生的标识，保证结果中没有重复。

3.     找出教师的最高工资

4.     找出工资最高的所有教师（可能不止一位教师拥有同样的工资）

5.     找出2009年秋季开设的每个课程段的选课人数

6.     从2009年秋季开设的所有课程段中，找出最多的选课人数

7.      找出在2009年秋季拥有最多的选修人数的课程的选修人数

8.     给Comp.Sci.系的每位教师涨10%的工资

9.     删除所有未开设过（即没有出现在section关系中）的课程

10.   把每位在tot_cred属性上取值超过100的学生作为同系教师插入，工资为10000元

11.   找出所有至少选修了一门Comp.Sci.课程的学生姓名，保证结果中没有重复的姓名

12.   找出所有没有选修在2010年春季之前开设的任意课程的学生的ID和姓名

13.   找出每个系教师的最高工资，可以假设每个系至少有一位教师

14.   找从13所查询的每个系最高工资中的最低值

15.   创建一门课程CS-001，其名称为 Weekly Seminar，学分为0。

16.   创建该课程在2009年秋季的一个课程段，sec_id为1

17.   让Comp.Sci.系的每个学生都选上16所创建的课程段

18.   删除名为Chavez的学生选修17课程段的信息

19.   不是用外连接运算也可以在计算中表示外连接，重写下列查询语句

A:   select * from student natural left outerjoin takes；

B:   select * from student natural full outerjoin takes；


下面的参考是本人自己写的可能不对:

select * from department where dept_name ='Comp. Sci.' ;


1. select * from course where dept_name in (select dept_name from department where dept_name ='Comp. Sci.') and credits>3 ;


2. select * from takes where course_id =(select course_id from  teaches
   where id=(SELECT id FROM instructor i where i.name='Einstein'))


3. SELECT max(salary) FROM instructor 


4. select distinct name from instructor where salary =(SELECT max(salary) FROM instructor )


5.SELECT course_id,room_number FROM section s where s.year=2009 and semester='Fall'


6.SELECT max(room_number) FROM section s where s.year=2009 and semester='Fall'


//这里有的点小问题  没有semester=‘fall‘ 查询结果有误


select course_id,max(sum_s) as max_sum from (select course_id,count(*)as sum_s from takes group by course_id) as new_t


select course_id,max(sum_s) as max_sum from (select course_id,count(*)as sum_s from takes group by course_id having course_id in (select course_id from section where year='2009' and semester='fall')) as new_t


7.


8.update instructor set salary= salary*1.1 where dept_name='Comp. Sci.'


9.delete from course where course_id not in(
select course_id from section where course.course_id =section.course_id)


10.insert into instructor select id ,name, dept_name,10000 from student
where tot_cred>100


11.select name from student where id in(select id from takes  
     where course_id in (select course_id from 
     course where dept_name='Comp. Sci.'));


12.select name, id from student where
    id not in (select id from takes where  
     course_id not in (select course_id from 
     section where year<=2009)); 


13.select dept_name,max(salary) from instructor group by dept_name;


14.select min(new_col) from (select max(salary) as new_col from instructor group by dept_name) as new_t


15.insert into course (title,course_id,dept_name,credits) values
    ('Weekly Seminar','CS-001','Comp .Sic.',0);


16.insert into section values('CS-001',1,'Fall',2009,null,null,null)


17.insert into takes select id ,'CS-001',1,'Fall',2009,null from
student where dept_name='Comp. Sci.'


18. delete from takes where course_id='CS-001' and id =
    (select id from student where name='zhang');


19.select * from takes natural right outer join student
   
   select * from student ,takes where student.id = takes.id;












烤土豆
关注
  • 3
    点赞
  • 踩
  • 6
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
专栏目录
数据库系统概念第六版 第三章练习题 12 16
Ding 的博客
09-09 3665
3.12 使用大学模式，用SQL写出如下查询。 a.创建一门课程"CS-001",其名称是"Weekly Seminar",学分为0 insert into course values('CS-001','Weekly Seminar','Comp.Sci.',0); b.创建该课程在2009年秋季的一个课程段，sec_id为1 insert into section values...
H埋土数据库实验（56）
mikeyPlisetsky的博客
10-19 1351
数据库实验
史上最全SQL基础知识总结(理论+举例)
PILIpilipala的博客
02-13 17万+
SQL基础知识一、SQL 概述1、什么是 SQL2、语法要求二、SQL 分类三、DDL（Data Definition Language）：数据定义语言基本操作1.操作数据库2.数据类型3.操作表四、DML（Data Manipulation Language）：数据操作语言1.插入数据2.修改数据3.删除数据五、DCL（Data Control Language）：数据控制语言1.创建用户2.给用户授权3.撤销授权4.查看用户权限5.删除用户6.修改用户密码（以root身份）六、DQL（Data Quer
SQL Server超详细使用教程——从安装到编写SQL语句
热门推荐
学习记录
03-27 22万+
到微软官网下载SQL Server Developer版本，现在的最新版本是SQL Server 2019 Developer。微软官网传送门：点击此处直达 下载完成之后，在文件夹中找到刚才下载的文件，双击打开，打开之后的界面如下图所示。 我们选择自定义安装，之后再选择要安装的位置，再点击安装，如下图所示 点了安装之后会出现如下图所示的界面，我们需要等待它下载安装包，此过程等待的时间可能较长...
图解SQL基础知识，小白也能看懂的SQL文章
Python84310366的博客
07-27 1221
本文介绍关系数据库的设计思想： 在 SQL 中，一切皆关系。
mysql数据库小练习
07-18
考察知识点 - 约束作用 - 约束分类 - <null>l的含义 - is null - is not null
MySQL数据库练习题(50道).pdf
04-25
MySQL数据库练习题50道.pdf 本资源为MySQL数据库练习题，共50道题，涵盖数据库设计、数据表创建、数据插入、查询等多方面的知识点。下面是对该资源的详细知识点总结： 一、数据库设计 * 数据库设计是指根据具体的...
MySQL数据库练习库
10-08
用了练习MySQL的SQL语句的数据库。
mysql数据库学习与练习
最新发布
03-15
mysql数据库
数据库练习,mysql
11-26
查询工作年龄最大的员工姓名以及工作年限SELECT e_name,datediff(curdate(),e_date)FROM employee ORDER BY e_date LIMIT 1 在员工表中，将人事部年龄大于30岁的女同事，调到后勤部
数据库第六实验试题做完必过
06-01
学习SQL，必做的实验题，做完以后一定会对你受益非浅！
H埋土数据库实验（三到四）
mikeyPlisetsky的博客
10-13 1884
SQL语句实验三四
3.1.g 找出在2009年秋季拥有最多选课人数的课程段
北岛向南的小站 - CSDN
03-22 3715
3.1.g 找出在2009年秋季拥有最多选课人数的课程   3.1 使用大学模式，用SQL写出如下查询。 g) 找出在2009年秋季拥有最多选课人数的课程段。   注：本题来自于 数据库系统概念 第六版 机械工程出版社 第三章习题   解：满足题意得查询代码如下： WITH R AS ( SELECT Course_id, Sec_id, COUNT (Id) A...
第3章 SQL 习题 - 3.11
夏商周
11-17 5341
3.11使用大学模式，用SQL写出如下查询。 a.找出所有至少选修了一门Comp. Sci. 课程的学生姓名，保证结果中没有重复的姓名。 with target_course(id, title) as ( select course_id, title from course where dept_name = 'Comp. Sci.' ) select distinct name fr...
数据库实验一：基本表操作、基本数据查询和复杂数据查询
Sparkling_Y的博客
04-05 3376
数据库实验一 1.基本表操作 2.基本数据查询 3.复杂数据查询实验过程 teacher (TID,TNAME,
数据库系统概念第6版第三章答案
qq_45617958的博客
04-05 4785
数据库系统概念第6版第三章答案 3.1 a.找出Comp.Sci系开设的具有3个学分的课程名称。 select title from course where dept_name = "Comp.Sci" and credits = 3; b.找出名叫Einstein的教师所教的所有学生的标识，保证结果中没有重复 如果理解为该老师教过的所有学生，则为 select distinct takes.ID from teaches natural join takes using course_id wh
数据库数据库
wwwwwwabcdefg的博客
06-06 758
无
数据库第一次作业(第三章)
weixin_30492047的博客
03-21 1万+
数据库第一次作业 3.1 使用大学模式，用SQL写出如下查询。 a.找出Comp.Sci系开设的具有三个学分的课程名称。 select title from course where dept_name = 'Comp. Sci.' and course.credits = 3; b. 找出名叫Einstein的教师所教的所有学生的标识，保证结果中没有重复。 ...
小白做题——数据库系统概念（第六版）第三章实践习题答案
图书馆的牧羊人的博客
03-04 2万+
数据库系统概念（第六版）第三章实践习题 全部为博主自己写的，博主数据库：oracle 11g； 工具：PL/ SQL 欢迎雅正 （持续更新中） 3.1 使用大学模式，用SQL写出如下查询 a.找出Comp. Sci. 系开设的具有3个学分的课程名称 SELECT title FROM course WHERE credits=3 AND dept_name='Comp. Sci.' b.找...
mysql数据库练习题
06-08
好的，我可以为您提供一些 MySQL 数据库练习题，帮助您巩固 MySQL 数据库的知识。 1. 创建一个名为 `students` 的表，包含以下字段：`id`、`name`、`age`、`gender`、`major`，其中 `id` 为主键。 2. 向 `students` 表中插入 5 条记录，其中至少有两个不同的专业。 3. 查询 `students` 表中所有专业为 `Computer Science` 的记录。 4. 查询 `students` 表中所有年龄大于等于 20 岁的男性记录。 5. 查询 `students` 表中所有专业并按照专业分组进行统计，显示每个专业的人数。 6. 修改 `students` 表中某个记录的专业和年龄信息。 7. 删除 `students` 表中某个记录。 8. 删除 `students` 表中所有记录。 以上是一些基础的 MySQL 数据库练习题，您可以根据自己的实际情况进行练习和拓展。希望能对您有所帮助！

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么？

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付：10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明：

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币，按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载，可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值